[YJ LSD HD[LU RCN [HTC LHDQH ][]HQ [YJ HFESN [YJ GY[WSH [YJO HCHOQD X[WS LHDQ
HD[LU CO PHQ CHG LHDQD OHKOKG [HTLC PUK CSZTQO [CHDQ HD[LU CO RCN LHDQ LSD PU
PEG FLJLG ]H[ ]HLGO LHDQO [YJG O ]HYLJQG ]HOLUHQ C]L[HCFQ CG [YJG PU LHDQG LSD
]Y[LW L[G [YJD GYLJQG ]LC[S RLC LHDQG MH]Q PEH ]HYLJQ L] COC P RLC HQYU LHDQD
]HSHHNQ HOLWC [DHT ROGOF VTHL D[ PLSHC[ FHUH J[ H[LWO@ LHDQG C[ FESN ]SHHNQ [YJG
>[]HQ GI FESN GI
PSLC J]WG ][HY O PLSZG RWHCD LHDQO GLHUG J]WG ][HY ]HFHC KW[ [IS LSDC ]HD RF RCNQH
GOLUHQ J]WG ][HY RLC LCRHIJG ]UF POHCH ]HNL[CD U XHJDQ COC LHDQG MH]Q PLC[S
H DZUL ]HOGZD GDJ[GDH GHW CHIJ U GI RWHCD
J VF
G[HZH LJOD H[LQ HGOHN MSGH OHFEO J]WG ][HY GHU LLDC [QC OFSN LHUG LHDQ DU
PLSHC[G HJLNHG RCNQ J]WG ][HY LO GQO PH]TN H][H] [QCF OCHQN RCQN CD[ GLO [QC
]HQLQZUD RHZL] ML[Y OHWQN HSLF PHZU LHDQ D[ L[DFO P L[W HQN H OLUO C[H TH]U
OCHQN RCQN LLDCO CD[ GZG HGQ [JCG GYZD G[HZ HC LJOH FJC GYZD J]WG ][HYD LF PC
D[N QQ HGI COG
G[HZH LJOD H[]LQ CTLE MFLCH CTLE LCGO HGOHNO J]WG ][HY GHU CD[ L[DF MQGQ PEH
]HQLQZUG PHZQD RHZL] ML[Y L[G PLSHZL] LS GHU PLSKZG ]HCHDQGQ FJC OND UQQ
ML[YGO LLDC [QCH HLFY LSD PLD[G ]H[O OHWQ LC[G LHDQG RCN [DHFQ PL[WQ L POHCH
PHON ML[Y RLC ]HQLQZUD ODC GYZD LJOD LF PLSKZD RNH RCNQ J]WG ][HYH RCNQ LJO GI LHDQD
LHDQD FJC FYD LJO ]SL]SD LN OCHQN RCQN CD[ ]LHZ ]SDHQ GI LWOH FHUH R]SHGL HSD[ LWU
CD[ [QC MNO J]WG ][HY COD [G[O OHWQG PHZU LHDQ RCN CYQS RLLFU L[G D[O LF RLC OHFEG
]HZGO RLCH@ OHFEG LHDQG O FJC GYZD LJOD LF ICH PLSKZGQ FJC OND J]WG ][HY ]HUO
LN CO LJOD PLSKZG ONO LFH J]WG ]H[HY LS OHFED Z[ RLZ]L J]WG ]H[HY GD[G GUL GQO
OND J]WG ][HY RLZ]GO ML[Y RN OU LJOD D[O PL[]LS PSLCH J ][HYD PLSKZ ]HCHDQ RCN L L[G
>H OLUO C[U RKZ LHDQ
G[HZH LJOD H[]LQ CTLE MFLCH CTLE LCGO HGOHNO J]WG ][HY GHU CD[ L[DF PL[WQ LH
]HCHDQG OND CD[ ML[YGH >GI FESN CO GI@ HLFY LSQ OHFEO PLJH]WG PLSKZ ]HCHDQD [DHFQ
G[HZ HC LJO GHU [JCG FYD ]HCHDQG ONDH >OHFEG LHDQD RNH@ J]WG ][HY ]HUO FJC FYD
L RLLFU LWUCH J]W ][HY HO RLC > [ ][HYN@ PHZU LHDQ FY PHD RCN RLC G]U CYQSH GYZD
D[O HOLWC J]WG ][HY ML[Y HSLC GIN LHDQ HI GUF ]KZHS J]WG ][HY COD JN LHUG LHDQ
R[G LHFJ KT[ EJ H]DH]DH HLHFJD CD[ LWU PLD[G ]H[ LSDO M[FG [YZQ HSLC GIN LHDQ LSWQ
EO GDH]D CZU[EG [WO NNH
GC[S LLDC ]UFH J]WG ][HY LO GQO PH]TN H][H] [QCF OCHQN RCQN CD[ GLO [QC
OHFEO J]WG ][HY ML[YGO []HL HLOU [LQJQ PLD[ PLHOLW RCN L MH]Q MC OCHQN [DHT
CL
R[G LHFJ
]UF VTHL
RCNQ PLD[G ]H[O OHWQG PHZU LHDQ N PLSHFLS OHFEO PLTSNSG PLSKZG ]HCHDQG CLEHTD [CHDQ
OLUOF CLEHTD [CHDQ PUYQCD [YJO HC GDJ[O HCHOQD X[WS LHDQQ CS LCQ OHCO LH RCNQH
FESN GI PLSHHNQ PLJ]WG RLC [CN OHWQN RHFLS LHDQG RLC PLD[G ]H[O GYH[W GDJ[G LWUC
RHFLS CGL PLD[G ]H[O HFESN J]W RLCH HUYQCD OHFEO XH[W RKZG LHDQGH OLCHG [QCSn RCN PEH GI
"OHWQN COH PH]TN
]H[N ]LSHFLS LGL[GH G]HC [THC PLD[G ]H[O HOLW RLC [YJG LHDQO GDJ[H [YJ RLD ZOJO L MC
X[WS RKZ LHDQ NCQ X[WS FLJLG ]H[O LHDQ GNH]O X[WSN MNOG ]OHWQ LWUC FLJLG
LWU [G[O OHWQN RHFLS FJC ONH FLJLG ]H[ PSLC PGLS LHDQD [THC HOLWGH OLCHG OHFEO
][THCG GUFG OU GQ]H [YJD [THC HOLWG RLC JLNHG GIQH KDT[ [IS LSDC
UD[C RHTNOCD G[HZG ]C JLSQ ]HQC UD[CQ ]HJW [YZ FJC HFLYH MH[C FJC HFLY LHDQ
HQYU LSWD LHDQN RHFLS GIG ZOJG MNOG LHDQ [HUL CHG ]HQC UD[C LSWQ JLSQ HSLC ]HQC
VL[ LWU HFESN GYLJQ ML[YH
LNGH RWHFG MQGN PHZQG ]C PLCH[ RLC DH UD[CD ]HQC UD[C FU GQHZU RWHF O GNOGGQ CQEHFH PUK VLTHGO L@
>LHDQG O]HN ]C MLQGO R]LS ]HQC UD[C FU Z[ PLQNJ H[QC LQS
RHLN OLUHQ RLC UD[C MH]D G[HZG JLSGO CD HOLWC ]HQC UD[C MH[CG GLGN GI PUKQ GC[SH
]QC ]W LWU OON G[HZG ]JSG PHZQ HSLCH HLOU ][JC LHDQ P
[HUL RLC LWO CDKL[H CD[D CDHQ RNH R[G LHFJ PLSHC[ H[LW [HTC PLLJO RLDD PLFHQ ONG
[L]Q RHYLJG HFHJ HD PL[QHC RLC DJ[ HCU LWUCH [L]Q HSLC LJOG MQG ON L[G LJOG DJH[O
JWK DJH[ GNL[Y G[HZ NCQ DJH[ [HUL HO RLC H[ZLUD L[G
GYHJG CLYHGO CHDL [HUL HO RLC MH]Q HD]N TH]GH
[HUL VHT FU COC RHYLJG GFHJD [L]] CO G[HZ PE RN PC RHC[G PUKD HSCLQ TH]G GC[SH
DLJ[G PC HOLWC DJH[ [HUL GO L G[HZ RLD ZOJO L PLSHC[G ]UFDH JWK HSLLGF G[NG
H]OLJ] COC [L]Q RLC DJH[ [HUL HO RLC [DF RLDH ][]Q GOHN OL [HULG
DLYSG NNH GDJ[O [HUL RLC L[G GL]J] Q]GO [HTC J]WG ][HYD GC[S PLQUKG LS LWOH
GYLJQ PHQ COH [NLG PHQ CHG [HTC LJOD Z[H []HQ L[ ]UFD FFYH HLHFJD
HSQLG PLSWO JKG PU CHG FJC G[HZG ]J] JKG [JC PUK D]N FN GDH]D CEQ RD L[GH
LJOG LHDQG MH]Q ZHOJ PLLJOG RLD NCQ CHG FJC GSQQ PLSWOH G[HZG ]J] O]HNG LSWQ
O]HNG FESN CHG PLSWO JKGQ ZHOJ JK H]HC L[GH OOJG RLDH O]HNG RLD ZLTWQ
PSQCH O]HNGQ PLLJOG ]YLYJ PHQ HQYUO PHZQN CHG PUKG LEFGO LJOG FESN COH PLLJOG RLD HKZS ILWO RDHQ
FJC FYQ COC O]HN RLC HOLCN LJOG FESN PHZQD LN [HTC FJC LJOD PE RN]L
PUKG [THC [L]QG L[DFO RGLDE OU G[HZ JLSGH XHJDQ LHDQ LO]HN LSD ]HFL]L L] XUS
GYLJQ RCN RLC LSWQ L[W G[HZG FU RCNQH RCNQ LHDQG LO]HN MLQGO FHDO PL[QHC RLC
]LSLF GYLJQ O LHDQG [DJO COH PLLQQ PL[DF COC FHDO ][H]Q [DJO MLL RLC H[LW ]LQQ
CDKL[U
GOUQO MNTG GNHT ZTW GI PUK [DHT HSLC GC[S KO[] GNHT ]HNOGD MH[URJOG L[DFQ GSG
DL
K VF RLDH[LU
]LJC FHE PL[QHC PHQ G[N RGO PLJWK E MH]D CHG PC RFESN RHHNQ HSLC PEH ]HSWFG RQ
FHDO GD PL[QHC ]LSLF ]HCLYQD VC UQQ L[G ]HSWFG PU MNTG V[YO FHDO PL[QHC DHH MNTG
P]HTH F[HL G[Z] LW PL[QHC RLC RLFG RQ COG LN FHDO PL[QHC RLC RCN UHFQ [WO L HL[DFOH
HOLWC P]HTH F[HL [QHO PLQNJ HOZG LHDQ ][HZD Z[H K ]DD [CHDQN PLJWK F GDJ[G G[Z]D COC
G[HZGN COC G[HQC GSLC HI COHZ OL RN PC PLD[G ]H[ HSLC LHDQG G[H]GQ LSWQ FJC JWKD
F[HL [QHOH [LNGO C[ZLUQ MLL RLC C[ZLUQ MNOG PLD[G ]H[D ]CYQS CLGN COH LHDQG MH]D
HOLCN C]YLJQ ZLTC FHE [QHOH OLJ]GO MLL GNHTD NCQ@ LHDQGQ ]Z]HSQG G[HZD P]HTH
ZOJ H]HC COG RN OU []L >]HOHUG ]HYLJQO MNTG RLD FHDO OL DHH ULZ[O FU ]HOHU ]HYLJQG
F[HL [QHO MLL RLC LCFH HLWON L[G RWHC OND C]L[HCFQ OHKOKD [HTC [CLL G[HZG ]J]Q
]J] JWKG HSLLGF [HTCG PHZQO HCHOQD XH[W LHDQG COG NC F G[Z] P RLCH [JCQ P]HTH
FHDO RLF RCN OLUHL GQH G[HZG
PL[QHC JWK EED HOLWC GYLJQ PHQ G[HZ [QHCG ]UFO GC[S FHDO RLFQ GZG L[ ]UFDH
FHDO PL[QHC RLC PUKO L[ M[YHG RN OUH HW TH]G HFFY HQN C]L[HCFQ VC P]HTH F[HL HD
]HOGZ LWU GUD[CQ ]HJW C]L[HCFD P]HTH F[HL PL[QHC RLC KZHS UHG ODC LQQ HSLC [DFD
E DZUL
LHDQG LO]HND CYQS HOLCN RHYLJG G[HZG FHJ ]C DLJGO FHDO [QHO RLC UHFQ PLSHC[G HD]N FHU
CD[ R[G LHFJ LWU ]ZTWQ G[HZG RCN HQN PL]SLD ZLTWQ [DF LN RN PL[QHC RLC H[WH
CDKL[H
CHS UHH [HKG HD]N GQQ UYH K LTHT JHC ISDC GHU CHIJ UUH KS LDY PNJ ]HD C[DTQ KZS RNH
[LHCNH GI RLSUO ZYHQ VHEQ PLSH PLQ OYH UYQCD PLZLTWQ PLQG PEG GN[F PL[DHU PLQG GYLJQD FHDO PL[QHC
PG
K VF
RLCH E RGDHED RLC LHDQ LO]HN LS OU ]HQHZU ]HFL]L L] XUS RHEN [QC LC D[
OQZ RSL[QC CO KHDJH FHDO RSL[QC KHDJ HC RSL[QC FHDO HC CQL]F HGQ E R]LQHQZUD
RLD RHTNOCD OLH LF HFDO FHDO D COG KHDJ LO GQO PLO]NO E MH]D G[HZG RHLN [QC] PCH
GSHWG ]LQHQZUD HSLLG E R]LQHQZUD RLC H[QC GQH@ []HLH PLJWK E ZJ[Q L PLO]NO G[HZG LC[
>G[HZO FU PLJWK GO L GOHUG RHTNOCG ]LLKS ]C FHFQSN ODC [L HZD LHDQG UYQC LWON
DZUL RHCEH PLLJ ][H] UUH FHUH CD[ LWU KHDJ GOLJ] [QCS PC COC FHDO [QHO [WC LC MNOG
PLJWK E RLCN [DHFQ POHUO [JC RWHCD >LC D[ O HSLF KLQG PDQ[G ]UFD@ D]N LQ LH
G[HZG RLLFU ODC PL[DFG [DJO COC OLUHQ RLC FHDO LN KHDJ RLFO HSC PLN[YS NLWUCH RHTNOCD
FHDO RLF OLUHQ RLC GI M[HYOH LHDQG LDE OU CG] G[HZG ML[Y LHDQ [NG RLSUOH GQHZQD ]CYQS
MN LFL OU Z[H GKQO CHG HOLCN HDLJGOH [DFG FL[HGO HSLSU KHDJ RLFO HSC PLNL[Y RN OUH
J[EG LHFJ LWU FYD PLO]NO G[DJO FHDO PL[QHC HSC DHH LHDQG LDE OU ]CYQSN G[HZG ]DJS
CNG GNHT OG LHOG
L[DFQ HKS PLSH[JC GQNH CD[G XH[L]N KZS CO HL[DF MH]Q JNHQ DL GDH]D CZU[EG ]UFD D DZUL ]HOGZD NNH
EL