mkiwl` 'd ik .mdiptn evxrz l`e eftgz l`e e`xiz l` mkaal jxi l` zeazd oeayg
zllekd `ixhnibk Ð 4239 `ixhniba dler ,mkz` riyedl mkiai` mr mkl mgldl mknr
zlebq ceq ,xne` ied .[4239 d"q Ð e"z …l"nib ,z"ia ,s"l`] a"`d zeize` lk zeny ly
a"k lr diepad dlek dxezd ceq `linne ,ycewd oeyl ceq ,a"`d ceq `ed ,odkd ixac
.zeize`d
ly eny `vei mdn ,dxezd lk zivnz mdy ,oex`a zegpend zegelay zexacd zxyr dpde
dpexg`de dpey`xd ze`d z` leh ,cvik .'l`xyi zekxrn idl-` ze`a-v d"ied' d"awd
;micar …ikp` ;xn`l …xacie] 1848 oipn jcia dlri ,opgz`eae exziay zexacdn zg` lkn
cec gvip ea xy` l`xyi zekxrn idl-` ze`aÎv d"ied oipnk Ð ['eke ,izevn …didi `l
`"d c"ei=) 44 dlere .elek `xwnd lka zixtqn zpigan 'xzeia lecbd' myd `ede] .zilb z`
zhiy i"tr Ð oihiyd iy`xn mbe) miwqetd iy`xn mb `vei df my .42 minrt (`"d e"e
.[e"lyz oqip Ð b,eh 'oirnd' 'r .`"wna x`azpe .oiltzay (mipey`xd
bn
sc
hyta mixe`ae zexrd
`l iel hayy it lr s`e .l`xyi lkk dnglnl `vei lecb odky rnyn Ð 'lecb odkl dpnl`'
,oipn eze`a did `l jkitl micewtd lr dxfb dxfbpy meyn mrhd xyt` Ð milbcd oipna dpnp
`avn mexht jkitl ,okynd `yn dry dze`a lhen did miield lry iptn e` .l"fx exn`y enk
oiicre .[miyxtna y"re .iel hay zeaxl Ð l`xyi zehn lkl :(c,`l xacna) i"yxae] .dnglnd
zn`) .zenglnd x`yl oicd `ed `ny e` ,miield etzzyd `l cala ux`d yeaika m` oeir jixv
oeyld rahn ehwpy zegcl yi o`kn dgkedde .c,`l zehn ;hn,` xacna Ð dxezl eyexita r"re .o`k Ð awril
.(oie`l iaiig x`y lr dpeekde dlibxd
ezial aWie
jli aezkd yxtl jixv df itl Ð 'mikxcd z` mipwzne oefne min oiwtqne oixfege'
.dnglna dtqi `le ezial aeyl dnglnd xg` lkeiy ick ,oefne min wtql dkxrnd on jli Ð
(mihtey Ð dnkg jyn)
geyn odky oeyld wecwc it lr d`xp Ð 'rinyn xheye xacn xhey …rinyn odke xacn odk'
m"anx i"tr) .rinyn xg`e xacn cg` ,mixheya oke .mrl eixac rinyn x g ` odke xacn dngln
.ray x`a ;ixi`ne b"nq
z`f `ived oi`n izrci `le .mrl eixac z` envra rinyn odkd `l` ,ok yxtn epi` i"yxy azk zekld ihewla
.(i"yxtn
.xwad ziae oazd zia `le dxic zia `wec ,yexit Ð 'ernynk zia :xne` awri oa xfril` iax'
.(zepli` x`y `le mxk `wec i"a`xly oldl i"yx azky jxcke .cere mirexd `eln)
xn` ?aikxnd cg`e jixand cg`e rhepd cg` opz op` `de .aikxnle jixanl hxt' (a"r)
jixane Ð 'xzid zakxda o`k xeqi` zakxda o`k ,`iyw `l :`cqg ax xn` `xif iax
yexita m"anxde d,` dlxr y"xde :h my 'qezd ewlig oke .dpyd y`xc w"ta) o"xd azke .uxiz `l jixan`
ef ixd ,a`dn dwipid dwqt m` ;dkxada md miavn ipyy itl ,inlyexid it lr (d,` dlxr dpynd
;btx y"aixd z"ey :r"r) .dilr mixfeg oi`e dxeht Ð dwqt `l m`e ,dlxra zaiige dycg drihp
.(mixe`ae miyecg ;enw yi` oefg
,dakxda `xnbd uexizk ,xeqi`a dkxadl xzda dkxad oia wlgl yi dkxada mb ,miyxtn yie
(dheq zkqna zexrd ;y"yxr) .'cke zaya jixady oebk
`xw jixv oi` xeqi`a m` ,lirlck dywn epi` o`k Ð 'xzid zakxda o`k xeqi` zakxda o`k'
`ed `le ,xeqi`a aikxd eqix`y xyt`y itl Ð xfeg eciay zexiarn `xidy ililbd iqei iaxl
,ezlifb xifgdl jixve daeyza ic oi`y ,lfb zxiara xaecny my `wec ,xnel yi cer .(`"yxdn)
zrca azk dpyn-sqkd la` ,i"yxitl `ed df lke .y"`xd 'qez) ziciine dlw ezaeyz o`k la` ,eywd okl
.'inc ikid xeqi` zakxd i`d' `xnbd ziyewa qxby l"ve .dlxra zaiigd dakxd Ð 'xeqi` zakxd' yxtl m"anxd
.(dcy inexne ray x`a 'r
`l cer lk ,lfb xy` z` aiydl utge dnly daeyza ayy it lr s`y ,y"`xd ixacn zvw renyl yi dxe`kl)
daeyz dyr elit`y Ð 'e c i a y dxiar' oeyl wiice) eciay dxiarn `xil el yi ,jkl zedy el dzid `l elit` ,xifgd
z` ycwna exn` mpn`e .(dpkqd zrya eilr bxhwz eciay dxiardy `xie ,lefb xac ecia yi n"n ,oiixar epi` xake
daeyza xdxd m` ,'ecke lfby elit`y miyxtnd eazk xake ,eala daeyz xdxd `ny opiyiig ,wicv ip`y n"r dy`d
x"fxbd iyecga r"re] .edvxiy cr ixnbl el xtkzp `l oiicry l"i .'wicv' llka `ed ixd ezlfb xifgdl utge dnly
mlerle .dlfbd zayda dkexky oeik ,xzei dyw miplfbd zaeyzy y"`xd zpeeky xnel yi cer .[hk,fq a"g qibpa
.(zedy el dzid `l m` ,lreta dxfgd `ll daeyz xedxda ic
Ð ezakxd xwer epi`e mi`lkd z` miiwny rbxe rbx lka xeqi` xaer mewn lkn ,xn`z m`e
aya la` ,dwyne ykpne xcery oebk ,dyrn dyerya `l` dakxdd meiwa dxezd on xeq` oi`
elit`e .(miweqtd zyxca Ð dxez oica miwqer ep` o`ke) opaxcn `l` xeq` oi` dyrz l`e
(dxezd on) mi`lk miiwn xeqi` oi` `ny ,oli` i`lka dxez xeqi` yi m` xacd xexa `l ,dyrna
:bi dlibn oa`-ixehd azk oke .(`i,a mi`lk) yi`-oefgd xaqdk ,y"`x 'qez) .mirxf i`lka `l`
cg` wtqe `zixe`ca `wtq-wtq cvn ,oenila eakxedy fetz ivrl meiwe lecib zcear (my) `"efgd xizd z`f xe`l
hwp (h,`r) dnly zgpnae .cg` oin iedc cciv ygyege fetzae] mipin ipy e` cg` oin miaygp m` wtq Ð opaxca
m` y"`xd wtzqn `ld ,mi`lk md m` elit`e .[mze` miniiwne miaikxn cvik dnze ,md mipin ipy ygyege fetzy
o`k oi`y `vnp ,`zixe`cn epi`y xwirl hwepy y"`xd ixacn d`xp mbe .milezy mdy xg`l mlcbl dxezd on xeq`
.`lewle Ð opaxc `witq `l`
hwpe .oli` i`lk meiw lr miwely gken (b dlxr) eiwqta y"`xdn ik ,`"efgd lr dnz (ckx h"g) ield hay z"eyae
epi`yk akxend oli` meiwa milwnd lr zekf cnll azk mewn lkne .o`k eizetqeza azky dnn ea xfg y"`xdy
i"xeze `"ahixd zrcle ,iepy `ed zwelgna meiw xeqi` mvr mbe .df ote`a xeqi` oi` xteq-mzgd zhiyl ik ,xkip
yeb mr `edyk akxend oli` rehpl mle`e .m"anxd zrca (cqwz sl`) f"acxd azk oke .xzen (oiyecwc w"t) owfd
.('miiwn' `le ynn 'rxef' aygpy d`xpy ,xeq`l my dxed ,dnc`
zakxdc `zniwe`d lr wx ok eywdy jkn wcwcy in yi Ð '…inc ikid xzid zakxd i`d'
dpwfa aikxdy dclia cinrdl xyt` did ,mipin ipy aikxna epzpyn miyxtn epiid eli`y ,xzd
epi`y ,oenila akxend bexz` oicl xacd rbepe] .mipin ipy mdy iptn dpwfl zlhazn dclid oi`e
.(jenqa cer d`xe .dheq zkqna zexrd ;eh,dtz g"e` xfp ipa` r"re .ep mixt` zia z"ey i"tr) .[oenill lhazn
welig oi` ixdy ,'dpiwfa ekaiqy xegi' xnel jixv did dxe`kl Ð 'dlha dpiwfa dkaiqy dcli'
azky enke ,ycgn dlxr zepy ea mipen ylzpe li`ed ote` lka ,dpwf e` dcli ly spr eze` m`
dfi`l mircei epiid `l ,'xegi' hwep did eli` j` .ezrihp `id efy ,'dcli' eiykr dyrpy i"yx
d"c :hq zegpn 'qez i"tr) .xacn `ed dlxr oiprly cnll Ð 'dcli' hwp jkl .dpiwfl lha `ed oipr
(xn`c
dlxr ea yie ,eilr oiicr oli`d ipic lk ,wxia eaikxdy it lr s`e Ð '…wxia oli` jixana'
oi`y dn ,zepli` mdipyy dpwfa dcli oebka `l` xwirl lha epi` akxend wlgdy itl Ð iraxe
.(`"yxdn) llk epin epi`y wxie oli`a ok
xg` zkll epl did ,ok m`y ,elcbiy zexitd z` dpyz `l dakxddy ote`a xaecny d`xpe
oixfeg oi`y i"a`x zrcl i`cee] .df oebka aikxdl xizn did `l b"ayx mbe .wxi `edy ,xwird
.(bi,a mi`lk yi` oefg i"tr) .[xg` oin `l` ,otb aygp df did `l ,mxk zrihpa `l`
zn`ay azk mle` .egixae ezi`xna enrha dpzyp `ly lk ,oenila akxend bexz` lehil xizdl df itl ccvl dvxe
'c oicl mi`lk oic oia wlgl yi mbe .xeqi`l xacd `vi xake ,mihxt dnka zipevigde ziniptd zipaza miiepiy milg
oli`a `l` exn` `l ik ,akxend bexz` oecipl dgked o`kn oi` `xwirn ,`"yxdn azky mrhd itle .y"r .mipin
ixacke ,wxie oli`k mpic zepli` ipin ipyy l"i ile` j` .zepli` ipya k"`yn ,f"lf mig`zne milha mpi`y ,wxie
.l"pd mixt`Îziad
caln mirxf x`ya o`k xaecn i"yxtl Ð '…mirxfd z` zycwn dpi` gthn dzegtd dcli'
mle`e .gthn dzegtd dclia minkg exq` `le ,opaxcn `l` mixeq` mpi`y xaeqe ,sele qeapw
,`id ipiqn dynl dkld ef ixd mzhiyle .mirxf x`ya wx cinrdl d`xp oi` miwqetd znizqn
zrca yi` oefge ray x`a dpyn sqk i"tr) .df oebka mxkd i`lk xeqi` oi`y ,dxezay mixeriyd llkne
.(cere m"anxd
oeirl ,miwxt iy`xe mipeiv
m`y ,`ibeqa x`ean Ð 'zexewle biiql `ziinw jdl rhpc oebke …dpiwfa dcli `l`' (a"r)
dakxdd dlha ,dclia dcli oicd `ede .dlxr oic ea oi`e ,dpwfl lha Ð dpwfa dcli jaiq
cinrdl ekxved dnl dyw ,ok xn`p `l m`y .xwird zrihp onf itl dlxr zepy mipene ,xwirl
drihpn dlxr zepy exar k"g`e ,dclil aikxdy ote`a cinrdl xyt` `ld ,zexewle biiql rhpa
'qez) dnglnd ikxrn xfeg epi`e ,xwirl lkd lha i`ce `l` Ð dakxdd meyn xfegy ,dpey`x
.(hiy dlxr f"e` :h dpyd y`x `"ayxe o"x ;xn`c d"c :hq zegpn
itl dyrp mipyd oipn ,(:h dpyd y`xa) o"anxd azk Ð zexewle biiql rhpy drihpl aikxdyke
wlgdy `l` ,xwirl lha akxend wlgd mvra ik ,xacd mrhe .dakxdd onf itl `le drihpd onf
lr dlxr oic lg dkldly ,lk`nl dzvwne biiql dzvwny drihp oick ,dlxra aiig akxend
onfn dlxr zepy exar `ly oeik ;`xnbd ixac xe`a dfe .(dlxr yix) dpyna yxetnk ,zvwn eze`
`l` ,dlxr aeig ly l r e t a zexyt`a jxev oi`e] iraxe dlxr aeig zexyt` da yie ,drihpd
ok ayg eli`k ,lk`nl aikxdy wlgd lr df aeig lg Ð [ibq ,`id iraxe dlxr za oiicry oeik
eilr ayg `le mipy 'b exaryky (i d"xa) `"ehd ixac dgce .eh,a dlxr yi` oefg i"tr) .xwird on wlg lr
xaeq `"efgde Ð iraxa eaiigl lk`nl dzr jlnidl leki `l xak ixdy ,akxend wlga irax oic oi` aey ,lk`nl
.(irax-xa aygp mewn lkn ,aeig icil `eai `l lretay i"tr`y
dxwna dakxddy iptn ,mnrhe .dakxdd onfn dlxr zepy zepnl mzrcy mipey`xd on yi mle`
biiql rehp ixdy ,dlxr oic ea oi`y oeik ,xwirl dlha ztqezd oi`e ,dycg drihpk zpecip df
dpyd y`xa) o"xd ixacn d`xp ok .[wxq oli` lr lk`n ur aikxna inlyexia z`aend drcd enke]
d"g ield hay z"ey 'r) zehyta o`k i"yx ixac mixen oke .my `"ahixd iyeciga yxetn oke ,(:h
.(mixe`ae miyecg xtqa ,dkldd zrxkde mipey`xd zehiya zekix`a r"re ;cpw
m"anx)
drihpd zryn `l` jlnpy dryn mipen oi` ,lk`nl jlnpe biiql rhpa Ð `nlr ilekle
dryn mipen Ð dlik`l ayg m` ,'cke x"dxa oebk ,xehtd ote`a odil`n elryk oke .bk,cvx c"ei r"eyeh ;i dlxr
.(my l`eyd ccivy enk `lc ,etw `"g c"ei dyn zexb` .aygy dryn `le dpey`x
dedc icin ,`id xcdin za ,dlr jilnin i` `kd …zexewle biiql `ziinw jdl rhpc oebke'
eeydy jkn ,azk (d,`r y"re d,hq .l"vf jaxrie` f"yxbl) dnly zgpn xtqa Ð 'odili`n elr`
aiig k"tr`e ,drihpd onfa dpeek my dzid `ly ,'odil`n elr'l zexewle biiql drihp `xnba
`l` dlxr oic ea lg `ly ,'zexewle biiql'k epic eil`n dlry oli`y dfn cenll yi ,(i"yx)
,xne` z`vnp .xeht `edy biiql ayigk df ixd ,llk oeeik `l m` la` ,lk`nl seqal ayigya
.dlxrn xeht Ð dlik`l ziaeig daygn dxqgy lk ,jtdl `l` zxhet 'zexewe biiq' zaygn `l
Ð l"ega oke .fk,cvx c"ei r"eya wqtpk) miaxd zeyxa oebk ,xeht eil`n dlr m`y mewna df itle
dfk mewna rhp m` oicd `ede .xeht dlik`l ayige jk xg` jlnp m` s` ,(c mipky 'ld y"e`d zrcl
.lk`n myl drihpa `l` dlxr aeig oi`y ,df lka mrhde .zexewle biiql
weligd z` xiaqd (`,etw `"g c"ei) dyn zexb` z"eya ;oiprd ceqia zxg` dhiy epivn mle`e
drihp ep` mikixv mlerly ,miaxd zeyxa dlrl cigid zeyxa eil`n dlr oia miwqetd ewligy
.drihpd zra dpeek oi`y meyn `ed 'odil`n elr'a oexqgdy o`k i"yx azky enke ,lk`n myl
zeyxae .aiig okle ,df jxevl exnyle eizexit lek`l milrad zrc mzqd on ,cigid zeyxay `l`
oi`e] zexitd jxevl elcbne exneyy in oi`e ,jkl cner epi` ,mc` ipa edelk`i m` mby ,miaxd
mb ,biiql rhepa oke .lk`nl crein `di oli`dy daygn mikixv `l` ,eizexit milke`y jka ic
mieqn mc` m` mb okl ,[lk`n myl oli`d ly eceri xwir oi`y oeik ,xeht ,eizexit lk` m`
rhepa wlgl mewn oi`y d`xp ef dhiy itl .xehte ,`ed `nlra ilin inehit ,lk`nl eilr aeygi
,lk`nl ziaeig dpeeka jxev oi`y d`xp ef dhiyle .oaenk ,miaxd zeyxl cigid zeyx oia ,biiql
.cigid zeyxa eil`n dlryk
mifnxe minrh
…'mixheyd exace'
xy` yi` lk .dnglnl mi`vei lkd Ð dnglna el` mr el` migvpzn miiebdyk …' Ð
migleye ecia zipge axg el mipzep ,llk xevrn `lle mgx `ll ytp fre eipzna el gk
zryan xzei dnglnd iyp`l mixevrn daxd ,l`xyia eli`e ;ca`le bexdl cinydl eze`
`l` migvpn md mci gka `le ,darezn mler xdhl 'd zengln zeyrl mi`a md ik .mely
Ð ;jeeza 'd oex`e ,dpiky dpgnk dpgnd lk dnece ,mdipgn axwa jldznd mdiwl` gexa
mxk rhp xy` ,ekpg `le zia dpa xy` yi` lk ,dpgnd on egley xaky xg`l mb jkitl
oiicr ,eciay zexarn `xiiznk aald jxe `xid yi` lke ,dgwl `le dy` yx` ,ellg `le
dxdh ,dyixt zeevn dxez mdilr devn Ð mix`ypde .ietip xg` ietip dpgnd z` mitpn
.'ycewd zcear zeyrl dpiky dpgnl qpkpy inl ze`ik ,dyecwe
(rw 'nr ,`vz Ð zeiyxtd xtq)
…mxk rhp xy` yi`d ine …ezial aeyie jli ekpg `le ycg zia dpa xy` yi`d in'
miyp`n xzei mlerd rbtl mipnefn dylyd el` ik ,rc' Ð '…dy` yx` xy` yi`d ine
dy` yx`'k l`xyi f` eidy) 'gikei lbrde .mixg`n xzei mdilr zbxhwn oicd zcne ,mixg`
.(my m"ayx yexit 're .mihtey Ð ihp`wixd yext .'dgwl `le Ð
,d`xp' Ð '…ezqex` z` `yepd ,ellge mxk rhp ,ekpge zia dpa :onewnn oiff oi`y el`'
wx zeynn el yi ,ipicnd llkd byen :dl`d zekldd ceqia zgpend dtwydd `id efy
.mcva e` mdl uegn `le ,micigid eixag lk ly iygend ieaixa
izia xye` lk jkitle ,micigid lk ly mxy`ae mzgixta wx dbyi lkd mely ,jk meyn
cigid z`xwl `eal llkd lr daege ,llkd zxhn znybdl dnexz `ed ,gxete dlerd
(d,ck ,`vz Ð yxid x"yx yexit) .'eavna zeaygzd jezn exye` z` mcwle
ixac z` yxtl yi dfa Ð 'xyrnl erawed Ð oxeba o`yry d`te dgky hwl'
(a"r)
`aze `yze dhwil xy` z` heagze dcya zex dhwily xg`l ,(gi,a zex) aezkd
z`f lka dhagy i"tr`e ,hwl mdy eid mixkipy Ð d h w l x y ` z ` d z e n g ` x z e ,xird
`veze Ð zexyrnd on md mixeht okle .ely oxeba gexink `le md mixfetn milayny did xkip
(my dnkg jyn) .drayn dxzed xy` z` dl ozze
cn
sc
mipeire mixe`a zexrd
`ld ,aezkd on cenila jxev dn ednz mipexg`d Ð '…lecb odkl dpnl`l hxt Ð dgwl `le'
`"g mdxa` xac ;dxe` oxw 'r) .dzgwl ick dnglnd ikxern xefgl el xizp recne dzgwl dfl xeq`
.(.cn .bn mixe`ae miyecg ;`l i"qeq b"ge g