דמוקרטיה ויהדות – בפורמט pdf

דצמבר 1, 2009 · מאת דניאל שליט · דמוקרטיה ויהדות

´Ÿž£Ÿž£¢²±Ÿ¨¢£¦³¦š£ª
›°¨ž©¨´š°¦§³›«¨©Ÿ£¦œ¦š²³£›§£²Ÿ¨ž´Ÿ²´«ž´š°Ÿž›§£ª®›¬£®Ÿž
ž ž¦¦¨Ÿšž

ž£ž³ž¨Ÿ³£³ž¨š±¦¡
ž£¢²±Ÿ¨³£ž£¢²±Ÿ¨´š²±ªž´£®Ÿ«Ÿž¬Ÿ›±´£ª›´§¦Ÿ¬›©£š³¬Ÿ£
££›´²°Ÿªž£¢²±Ÿ¨´Ÿ²¡š³£Ÿ ´£ª±£²¨š³£ ´£²°£Ÿ³ž£¢²±Ÿ¨³£´£¦œªš
©¨ ¦Ÿ¢ Ÿ¡Ÿ² £®¦ ž´Ÿš ›°¬¦Ÿ ¡´®¦ ¤£³¨¨ šŸžŸ Ÿ´Ÿ¡´®´ž ¤¦ž¨› §¬
´²²Ÿ®´¨š£žŸž´Ÿš«£³§¬ž¦³´›°¬¨žŸ´¥¨Ÿ´ž´£´³´ž´šž£¢²±Ÿ¨ž
©ª³£§££´žž£´Ÿ²Ÿ±¨¦«¡£›š¨ž¡Ÿª£ªš£ž¦³¨¦´£ª±£²¨šžž£¢²±Ÿ¨ž
´ŸªŸ›£²´£¢²±Ÿ¨ž´ŸªŸ›£²ž«£«›´š´ŸšŸ²ž´Ÿ£ª±£²¨š´Ÿ®±³ž¦³¨¦§³
§£žŸ¦šž§¦°›¼©Ÿ£Ÿ³ž´«£®´²Ÿ±¨´š´ŸšŸ²žŸš²Ÿ›ž´ŸªŸ›£²›¼§šž
§š›³
¬Ÿ›±ž¤Ÿ«¥«›´£¨£ª®´Ÿª›°¬›´ª££¢°¨´£¦š²³£žž£¢²±Ÿ¨ž´š ´¨Ÿ¬¦
š£ž £´Ÿž¨ ´Ÿ›£°£²«Ÿ¡› ¤¥¨ žš°Ÿ´¥Ÿ §££´ž ´Ÿ²Ÿ±¨ž ©£›¦ žª£›³
ž¨¬´³²Ÿ¨£ª®¨£ªŸ²¥©®Ÿš›´ªªŸœ´¨ž£¢²±Ÿ¨
Ÿª£¥  Ÿ¦ ž£¢²±Ÿ¨žŸ´Ÿž£ž©£›´£´£ ¡´Ÿ³œª´ž›¤²Ÿ°§Ÿ³ž£žš¦ §°¬›
ž£´Ÿ²Ÿ±¨¨žªŸ £ªž´£²Ÿ±¨´£¦š²³£ž£¢²±Ÿ¨©š¥Ÿª¦¡Ÿ¨°¦ž¦Ÿ¥£ž´£ž
¦›±¦ž¦Ÿ¥£ž£¢²±Ÿ¨žž´£ž š§ž›§¡¦£ž¦´›££¡ž¨°¬žšŸ²žª£šŸ§££Ÿž£ž
ž³›´Ÿ¥¤¥Ÿ²´Ÿ£›ž±°Ÿ¨ž´£ªŸ£¬²žž¥£¨´ž´š§££Ÿž£ž´Ÿ²Ÿ±¨ž©¨
1©¨œ²›
¥² ¢³¢§™ œžª¢ ™¢ ¦¥¯š ™±š©² ¦œ™ ¥« ³¢²™±š ±­ª ¥² žŸ ±ž³
¥¤¥²¦©ž¢žž²¥œžª¢žŸ» ž©™±šœ ™¥™™¥ ž©¥ž¤¥œ ™š™™¥¢¡±°ž§œ
¯¢°¥™š¦±¡¤­§ž ±¢œ™®¯ž­§±§ž ¤ ¦¥ž«³™¤­žŸ±ž³ ¦œ™¢©š
» ²«§šžš² §š» ¨¢š³²œ« ³¤¥¥³ž²ž©™£±¡¯³š²£±œ²°ž¤ž±™œž«
³žœ ™¥«³œªž¢§¢²ž©™¨¢§¥²³¢³ž§³žœ ™¥«³™Ÿ±ž³¥²°§ž«³™
¢œ²³ž¤¥§š¦¥ž«¨°³¥¦œ™¥²¢±ªž§œž«¢
©£š´£¢®³¨´£³¬¨žžª£¡›ž©¨§œ¼´£ªŸ²±¬´£ªŸ£¬²žžª£¡›ž©¨±²š¦Ÿ
¦¬´¥¨«ªž´£žŸ¦ ž¥Ÿ  Ÿª¦³´£¢®³¨ž´¥²¬¨žž´£ž´Ÿš£²›Ÿ©«Ÿ¡ž¨¥¦²¬³¦
2œ²›¦£ ž³¨¢®Ÿ³ž›´¥¤¥ŸŸª¦³£¢®³¨ž²°Ÿšž
¥«³³²ž§¢¥™±²¢ª¤œž°£ž±«¥ž©¥²§¡­²§³¡¢²±ž¯¢¥¨§Ÿ«¢›™¥¢¤ž
³¢³¢±š«¥­¢™²³¢±š«¨ž²¥³™ž©¢¢ "¢±š«¡­²§¥²œžª¢³ž©ž±°«
¦›£¥©™¥ ­²¥ž™²¥ž©™¯¢™¥¦™ž ³¢© ž±ž©³ž¢§¯«¥ ž©§¯«¥™š¢²³­¢™²
¢ ±Ÿ™¥™³±šœ§™¢š©¢œ§³­²™¢¡­²§¢¤‰•š›††

 ¬Ÿ¦³´›Ÿ¬§¬¦Ÿ¬³¨›²®«›ž£¢²±Ÿ¨¦³´Ÿœ²³¦³©¨œ²›ž³ ®Ÿ²®1
 ¬¨³´©Ÿ¨±š °ŸžŸ¨¦´¦³Ÿ¥²š£ž¤¥œ²›¦£ ž³¨ ®Ÿ²®2

1

³¢¡­²§³±žª§ ž±š™¢©ž²¥š±šœ³™³™²¥>³¢±š«©¢œ§¥«@
³¢±š«§ž™¥²±¢²«
§šž¦³Ÿ´ŸªŸ›£²´š´««›¨ž´£ž³§³¥£Ÿž£²Ÿ±¨¨ž£¢²±Ÿ¨¼£ª³°¨
ž²£¥¨žª£š³´£³Ÿªš´ŸªŸ›£²ž´Ÿšž¦£›œ¨ §œž´£ž¤¥ §š¦²›¬¨³ž²Ÿ±¨›
²Ÿ«›š¦Ÿ´Ÿ£´Ÿ²£²³¦²²£ž¦ž®Ÿ«ž£¦¬¨´Ÿ³²§Ÿ³›
¦šž³£œŸª¦©££ª¨"§š¦²›¬¨³ž¨›ž²¥žž´Ÿš¦³ž³¬¨¦ž³Ÿ²£®ž¨
¼´£ªŸ³š²žžŸ›¬ž´¡ªžž´£žŸ¦²²›´ž¦Ÿ´¥¦¦ž£ž¦Ÿ¥£ž ¦¥¼"ž ¥²›¬¨
š¦šž¨¡¦¨›°¨©£šžª£¨›²¢³¨ž©£›¦´£Ÿž£ž´£´²Ÿ«¨ž´£´³´ž©£›³
ž¦Ÿ¬®­Ÿ´£³

£ª³¨¼ žš¢¡ž¦³ž¦¦¨Ÿš´²Ÿ«¨Ÿª¦³£³£ª®¨ ›°¨žšŸžž  š¦¬Ÿ£¥¦›š
³¡ž©¨ ž´šž£´Ÿ²Ÿ±¨±¨Ÿ¬¤Ÿ´¨«Ÿ®´¦žªœ²š´žš¦´Ÿž£ž§£°ž
´šŸ›£š³§££ªŸ¦£¡¦Ÿ³¬ª³¡ž©¨ ¦­²¢°ž¦Ÿªœ²š´ž³£¨Ÿ¦£šŸŸ›³¡´ž¦Ÿ
§ž£´Ÿ²Ÿ±¨¦šžª›žž´šŸ²³±ž
³¡ž©¨ ž¦¬ž›Ÿœ´¦´Ÿž£žžªœ²š´žš¦°£¥

´Ÿž£ž´Ÿž£ž´š¬£´®ž¤¦£šŸ´£´®²°žž¥®ž¨ž©¨²¨šª£ª²Ÿ¨ž§¦Ÿ¬ž
§¦«£šžŸ´Ÿ²°ªž§¬©¥£²¡šŸ´Ÿ¦£¦šž§¬´Ÿ¨£¬›ž¨¬ž£´Ÿª³£®¦š¤³¨›
´Ÿ›£³¡¦¥´š¦¢£›Ÿ±¡¨£ª²Ÿ¨ž§¦Ÿ¬žŸ¦£šŸ §££´§£´Ÿ¨£¬Ÿ£žž¦š¦¥¦›š
©£š³ŸŸ ¥²¨›§šž³¼£¢£¦Ÿ®£¦¥¦¥£ª¥¢£´Ÿœž¼§¦Ÿ¬žª›ªŸ¤¦ž£´žš³Ÿªž
²›§š¦²›¬¨Ÿ¦
§£²›ž Ÿ²± ž›³ ´Ÿ²£ž¨ž ž´£ž ´Ÿž£ž ¦³ ž›Ÿœ´ž²«Ÿ¡¦ ­«Ÿª §²Ÿœ
ž¥®ž¨›¡´®³¡ž§¦Ÿ¬žž ž§Ÿ£ž§°¬¬´°šŸ¨­šŸ´¥³¨ª´Ÿ²£ž¨žŸ
´Ÿ£¢£¦Ÿ®Ÿ ´Ÿ£´²›¡ ´Ÿ¥®ž¨› ´£´££³¬´ ž¥®ž¨› ¤£³¨ž ´£¬¨´£®Ÿ«Ÿ¦£®
ž²Ÿ´ž´Ÿž£Ÿ¦£šŸ¬£¨Ÿ›Ÿ³¡£¨´¥®ž¨¦³ž¨Ÿ°£¬›¨Ÿ¬šŸž´¬¥Ÿ´Ÿ£´Ÿª¨šŸ
Ÿ±¦¡§Ÿ£ž¬ž²Ÿ´ž´Ÿ£¡°ª©Ÿ£¬²¦¬Ÿž¨£³ª´¥Ÿ²š´²Ÿ«¨¦¬ž£Ÿª›ž´£ž
Ÿ´Ÿš´¡±¦³£³¤²©Ÿ£°£ª²Ÿ¨ž§¦Ÿ¬›žšŸ²Ÿª£š£²¡ž§¦Ÿ¬ž¦³¦Ÿœž
Ÿ´£š´Ÿ£¡¦Ÿ¨¦¦²´Ÿ£ž¦¥¦š¦šŸ£¦¬›£œž¦Ÿ©Ÿ›³¡›
´²¡šž›Ÿœ´›£œž¦¤£²°©££¬Ÿ²³®š¦›š
´¦œŸ«¨š£ž±²³ž›Ÿœ´´Ÿª²³®Ÿš´Ÿ²²œ£ž´Ÿ¦œ´«žžª£š³´£Ÿž£ž›Ÿœ´
¤Ÿ´¨ž¨°¬´Ÿž£›´®«Ÿªž±¨¬ž¤Ÿ´¨š±ŸŸšŸ›¦ž¥£²°¼Ÿªª¨ ©›§š©££ª¬¦
´Ÿªœ²š´žŸ¼ Ÿ›³ £›Ÿ£¡ž²Ÿ²£› ³¡ž©¨ ž´Ÿ£Ÿ¡´®´ž¦¥´¥²¬žšŸ›¦ž¥£²°¤¥
Ÿ›²Ÿ°£¦Ÿ´Ÿ£¡¦´£³¬¨Ÿ´£ªŸ£¬
¼´¬¥Ÿ´Ÿ£¨Ÿš¦ž§œ§ £¦š£°Ÿ«ž§œ§´¬³›©¡›£ž¦§£¦Ÿ¥£Ÿ£ž´š ¥´²œ«¨›
Ÿªª¨ ©›£¨ŸªŸ¢Ÿšž§šž¦³§£±ž›Ÿ¨ž§££Ÿ¢£›ž¡šš£ž³ž£¢²±Ÿ¨ž
¡£ªž§ª¨š±Ÿ±›²ž´š ¥´Ÿ³¡´ž¦Ÿªœ²š´žš¦´Ÿž£ž£¨² ›Ÿ²²Ÿ¨š¥
›¡²žŸ±Ÿ¨¬ž©›Ÿ¨›Ÿ¥²¦›š´š ¥³¡¨´Ÿªœ²š´ž¦ž®£±¨´£ªŸ£¬²´£´³´
¦¦œ›Ÿ´š£²±¦ž´ª¬ªš¦ž›Ÿ²›´£´ž´Ÿž£žž¨³œŸžš¦©££¬ž¦³²´Ÿ£›
žª¬ªš¦£ªŸ¦£¡¦ž³¬ª§££´ª£›³²Ÿ›£°ž§œŸ ³¡¨´Ÿªœ²š´ž›³£´Ÿž¨ž£³Ÿ±ž
Ÿ¦ž¬Ÿ£š£ž³£®¥´£´žž£Ÿžž£®¦¥ž££¡žŸ²Ÿ¥£ªž´³Ÿ¡´¦¦œ›
2

žªŸ¨šž´¦£¦³¤Ÿ´´£ªŸ¦£¡ž›Ÿœ´žªœ²š´ž°£¥

ŸšŸ  ž£¨› ´š°¦Ÿ³Ÿ²®¦¢£¦¡žŸ £¬ž³£¨¼ "³¡ž§¦Ÿ¬ž¦¬›£œž©¥š£¨
£¨¦¥Ÿ §£¦£¥³¨ž §£¦¦Ÿ›´¨žŸ³¬¤¥ ž´£ž³Ÿ¨¥´Ÿž£ž´²œ«¨¤Ÿ´¨ ´²¡š
¯Ÿ¨£šš¦šž´£žš¦´š ž›Ÿœ´¦›šž®Ÿ²£š´Ÿ›²´¦£ž³¦¥¤²›­²¢°ž³
©£¢Ÿ¦¡¦Ÿª¨ ²›¬³Ÿž³¨¥žªŸ¨šžŸž²Ÿ´ž´Ÿž£´££š²Ÿ´Ÿž£¦¯Ÿ¡¨³§¦Ÿ¬ž
´Ÿž£ž£¨Ÿ¡´¤Ÿ´¨žš£°£ž£¥š£²œ´Ÿ³£š¦³«¡£›²¨œªš¦©££ª¬ž¦›š
ž¦£¦³›¦Ÿ ¦ ›§œŸš¢›´žž¦šŸ±›š¨¦³Ÿ²¨¦³§££³®ª´Ÿ¡Ÿ¥ž¥£²°ž
´Ÿ£´²Ÿ«¨ž§££¡ž£¥²¦¬œŸ²¢±›Ÿ
´Ÿ›²´ž›£›«¨§£ª¥Ÿ¨Ÿ£ž§žž›²ž³®¡¦¤²Ÿ°ž£žš¦œŸ²¢±žŸž¦£¦³ž´šŸ
ž¦£¦³›Ÿ ¦Ÿ ¦ ›𦣍¨žš¦¨ž´£ž ›¦´³ž¦§£Ÿž£§´ŸšŸ³±£›ž›³ ´£›²¬¨ž
£ª³¦¬ž£Ÿª›ž¦Ÿ¥´£›²¬¨ž´Ÿ›²´žŸž®Ÿ²£š´Ÿ›²´³²Ÿ¥ ¦Ÿª£¦¬£Ÿž£ž£®¦¥
ž²›¬Ÿž³£®¥´Ÿž£ž¦¬Ÿ¼©ŸŸ£´Ÿ›²´¦¬§£¦³Ÿ²£¦¬ŸžªŸ´š¦¬§££³š²§£Ÿ¨¬
´£®Ÿ«Ÿ¦£®žž²£±¡ž¦¦Ÿ¥ §££¢«£ª¨Ÿžž´ŸªŸ²±¬žŸ¦›±´ª©ŸŸ£¨ ´Ÿ²°ªž´Ÿ²Ÿª£°›
´£´ž´²œ«¨ž§¬¡£¦›±´ª¼§££²°Ÿªž´Ÿ²Ÿª£°ž¤²§£¦³Ÿ²£¨Ÿ´£¬¨žŸ
£´²›¡©Ÿ±£´Ÿ±°ž¨£±©Ÿœ¥´ŸªŸ²±¬¦¦Ÿ¥£¨ª£žŸ£²«Ÿ¨ž©ŸŸ£¥ž§œ´£¦¦¥ž
´¥²¬¨§££ª£›ž£¨£¦¥¤³¨›ž¦¬®Ÿž §£¦³Ÿ²££›œ¦£ª³Ÿ¨¬Ÿ´Ÿš £›œ¦³š¦š
Ÿ¦Ÿ¥šŸž©£šŸ¦£š¥³²®´ª¤ª´ž¦³Ÿª¥Ÿ´¦¥´£³š²ž³¡¥žŸ³Ÿ¢³¢¦³ž®Ÿ°²
ž«®´ªŸ³£´š¦›£±š¦³£Ÿž£ž´Ÿ¨´£ª³Ÿ³£´¬®Ÿž¦žª¥žŸž¨±žš¦š
£¥±²§£¨Ÿ¨§¦Ÿ¬›§££¡°ª§£Ÿª¦žªŸ£ª³¦šž¡°Ÿ²¦³´Ÿ¨¥¦®šŸž³¨¥
´££š²¦²´Ÿ£›²°±±¡²¨ž£ž©š¥¨´£²°Ÿªžž¦Ÿšœž´šž¡³£¨¦ž²±ž¨£¬ž¦
´Ÿ¡£°²¦Ÿ´Ÿ®£²¦§ž´Ÿ¦£¦¬¦¼©š¥¨Ÿ£ª¢³©Ÿ²±£¬¥£ªŸ¨£¡Ÿ¥¥£Ÿž£ž
 £²°Ÿªž ¤Ÿª£¡ž ©¨ ²¥£ª ±¦¡ ³±Ÿž ¢±³ ¦³ ´Ÿ¬³› §œ ¦›š ©ž£ª£¨¦
¦¦¥›§š²¨Ÿ¦¥¼£²°Ÿª§š›££¡³ Ÿ›žŸ¨£¦¦3"the teaching of contempt"¦
£Ÿž£¦³Ÿ¡²¦¼
 Ÿ›ž©¨Ÿ²¢®ªš¦²¢¦ŸŸŸ¨¥§£¦²›£¦§œž±«®ªš¦§¦Ÿ¬¨´š žž¬®³žž
©¨§ž¦Ÿš›´Ÿž£ž¦¬§ž£´Ÿ¬££¦¥©¥³ ´Ÿ²Ÿ›ž©¨Ÿ­Ÿ¦£«ž©¨´Ÿ¡®¦Ÿ §£Ÿž£¦
ž®¦Ÿ«³§£®Ÿ¦£«ž
´Ÿ›²´ž§¬¡£¡²¥ž›Ÿ¦›£±¼ £ª²Ÿ¨ž§¦Ÿ¬››¦´³ž¦Ÿ³±£›³§£Ÿž£žžªžŸ
´®¦Ÿ«¨ž²Ÿ°›¼§£¦³Ÿ²£Ÿ¨¬´šž£Ÿ¨¬£ª³¨Ÿ¨¬Ÿ´Ÿš´š´£›²¬¨ž
§££®±³¨›´Ÿš²¦ž£žš¨¦±ž¦£®³¨Ÿž ›¨ž±£´³¨´²±¬¨´«²Ÿ«¨
£¨°¬ž¤²¬ž©¨£²¨œ¦§¦¬´ž¦Ÿ¬²§Ÿ¨Ÿ£¦¡¦¥©¥³¨¥´Ÿž£ž´š´Ÿ£®Ÿ²£šž
ž›³£ªŸ£¡žŸ£²Ÿ±¨ž
´£¨°¬ž¦£¦³¦³´³²Ÿ¨´ŸªŸ£°žž³²£°£¥

´ŸªŸ£°žžªŸŸ¥´ž§ª¨š ž ž £ª«²žžŸ ±£ ¨ž©¬¢¨ž©¨¦Ÿœ±¦¡ž³²£´ŸªŸ£°ž
¤²¬›žª£¨šžš¦Ÿ´Ÿ£ž¦›š§¬ž£ª££ª±¦¥›žŸŸšœž´šŸ¦£®šŸ´Ÿª¨šªž´š³¡¦
©¨¦Ÿ ¦ ›Ÿž¦£¦³›§£¬ŸœªŸ£ž´ž¦¬ž£œ³Ÿ¨Ÿ´Ÿ£ž´£´ž´³²Ÿ¨ž¦³£¡ž
šŸ²›¦´ŸªŸ£°žžš°£¼´£¨Ÿš¦ž´³²Ÿ¨ž²±£¬ž´£ž´žŸ´Ÿ£žŸ¦£¬¦´Ÿ›£«ž

3

Jules Isaac, Helen Weaver, The Teaching of Contempt: Christian Roots of Anti-žš²
Semitism.

3

§¬£²£³²Ÿ¦±¦Ÿ®¦Ÿ¥£›¥§££¦¨²Ÿª§£¨¬´ªŸ¥´¨›´£¢´ª£«´Ÿ£¨Ÿš¦ž¨°¬¦
žš£²›´Ÿ£¢Ÿ£²¢®§¬¡£´£¨Ÿš¦´Ÿª¨šŸ´Ÿ²®«§££¨Ÿš¦§£³Ÿ›¦¨Ÿ§£¦¥š¨
¤¥¦¥©¬¢¨ž¦¦¥ž£° £¦¨²ŸªžŸ´Ÿ£ž¦›šž£° £¦¨²Ÿª¦©Ÿ£«ªž£žž ¦¥´£¦¨²ŸªŸ
´š ž ž§Ÿ£ž§°¬¬´£¦¨²Ÿª£´¦›ž£° £¦¨²ŸªŸª¦ž¦Ÿª´£¨°¬ž¦£¦³¦³²¥£ª
ž±Ÿ¦¡ž´š©¥Ÿ§££´ž´¦£¦³¥ž¬£®Ÿ¨ž´£¨°¬ž¦£¦³¦³žªŸœžžª¨´¦¦Ÿ¥
§££ªŸ¦£¡¦Ÿ§££´¦žš£²›š¦ž
¼ž²Ÿš¥¦´Ÿ¡®¦¼©š¥²›Ÿ¨›¦›ž£«Ÿ¦¥Ÿš´Ÿ°Ÿ›±£´³ž¦š©£š³š¦š
¦³´Ÿ›³££´¨£´¦›´Ÿ«£®´£´³› ´£¨Ÿš¦Ÿ´£³£š´Ÿž  ¦³´Ÿ²´Ÿ«´Ÿ«£®´£´³›
´¨¡¦¨Ÿ ›Ÿ §¡¦£ž¦š¦šž²£²›©ž¦©£š³´Ÿ«£®´£´³›žª£¨žŸŸ´ŸªŸ£°ž´Ÿž¨
ž±Ÿ°¨Ÿ£ž ´¡ª²«Ÿ¡¤Ÿ´¨ §££Ÿ®¥§£²«ž££¦šŸ›¦¼ ›Ÿ¢žž²±¨›Ÿ ž³´ž
¯±ž¦©£š³
ž«£®´¤²ž ž¦¦¨Ÿšž›°¨ž©¨´š°¦©´£ªš¦§š´Ÿš²¦§£›££¡Ÿªš
´£›£¢ª²¢¦š

´Ÿ£ž¦¦Ÿ¥£³ž¨£ª³±¦¡
¦Ÿ®¥ž§Ÿ£±ž

šŸž¡š°£´°Ÿ£ªŸ¦£¡°Ÿ¦³£³š£ž§š¦¥§šž¦³Ÿ´£ŸŸž§°¬
³®¡¨Ÿ§²Ÿ  ²¡šž°žŸ¦£šŸ Ÿ´Ÿ««›´ž¦ŸŸ´¨´ž¦­šŸ³ž²œŸ¨ž£³Ÿªšž°ž
¦šž²œžŸž¦›œž¦¥¦²›¬¨³ž¨¦š´Ÿª®¦Ÿ¨°¬¦²›¬¨¦š²›¡´ž¦Ÿ¡´®£ž¦
£ª³ž›¢Ÿ±žŸ§šž¦³Ÿ¨Ÿ£±©®ŸššŸžž ž¦Ÿ®¥ž§Ÿ£±ž£žŸ¦šž­Ÿ«ª£šž
£´©Ÿ£«ª¦¥¦³Ÿ¨Ÿ±¨šŸž¼£¢ªª°«²¢§³›Ÿ¦š²±ª³
ž£Ÿžž¦³§£›¢±£ª³§£®±³¨š¦š§ª£š§šž³®ª¦³ž¦šž§£›¢±ž£ª³Ÿ
²š³ª§¦Ÿ¬¦³ž¨š£ž³ž£°ª°«ª²¢žŸž«£®´¦©´£ªž¦¥š£ž³ž£°ªª¨£šžž¦Ÿ¥
²›¬¨
§£¥Ÿ®ž§£ªŸŸ£¥›§£¥³Ÿ¨§ž©¥³£ž¡´¨›§£š°¨ª§š›³§£›¢±ž£ª³
Ÿ´£ŸŸž´š¢£¦³ž¦Ÿ›£¡²ž¦­šŸ§££±¦ ««›¦ ²Ÿ¨³¦­šŸ³²Ÿ¨š¥ ¡šž°ž
§£°ž£ª³©£›©Ÿ¥ª¦±³¨£ŸŸ£³³£³¥Ÿ¦²›¬¨¦š¦¢›´ž¦­šŸ³£ª³ž°ž
¦³±®Ÿ›´š°¨ªš¦š´¦¢›´¨´£³Ÿªšžž£Ÿžž©£š šžªŸ›Ÿž²Ÿ®šŸž¡´¨ž
Ÿ¦£šŸ ´³¡´¨Ÿ´£ª›ª žªŸ £ªš£ž¤¥Ÿ ž¨°¬¦šž² ¡›Ÿž¨°¬¦²›¬¨¦šž¬Ÿª´
££¡§°¬¦¬¦Ÿ¥£›¥§££š¨°¦¥Ÿ›³¤Ÿ«¥«²°Ÿª¦±³¨ž£ŸŸ£³²¬²¬´¨²³š¥
³®ªŸœ²ž¦Ÿ´Ÿš¦¢›¦§£¨Ÿ¬žªž³ž²¡¦«ª¥ª£ªŸ¦£¡ž£³Ÿªšž°žŸ²›¡
Ÿ´Ÿš§££¡¥¨Ÿ§£³£¡¥¨žªž³§££Ÿš¨šŸž³³£œ²¨šŸž§œ£´ž°žŸ
§š¨žªŸ³§ª¨š¼§£ ¥²¨žŸš§£›¢±žŸš§£±¦¡ž£ª³©£›¦±³¨ž£ŸŸ£³
£¨Ÿ´ŸšŸž £ §£›¢±ž£ª³¦³¦£¬¦²Ÿš£´ž´šŸš²±£²³š¥³ž¦š¥³£ §š¦
£¢ªª°«ª²¢ž±¦¡ž§ª¨šŸŸ›§£°Ÿ²Ÿªª£š§œŸž ¥²›©£šŸ²¨š£§£²¡š§¥Ÿ´›
¦£›ž¦ §š›³±ž›Ÿ¨£³Ÿªš±¦¡¦¥Ÿ¨¥ ¡´Ÿ®¨š¦ ¬Ÿ¨š¦ £Ÿ¨«´Ÿ£ž¦¦Ÿ¥£
§£¬Ÿ¨Ÿ›£¬›Ÿ¡Ÿ´£®›£¢ªª°«ª²¢ž±¦¡ž£Ÿ¦´§££œŸ¦Ÿ£›ž´ŸŸ«£ž©¨

4

´Ÿ£Ÿ›²´ž£´³

©£›¦±³¨ž£ŸŸ£³´š´Ÿ¬›Ÿ±ž©ž´Ÿ¨¦³´Ÿ£Ÿ›²´š¦š§££¡£š¦ ´¨š›¦›š
©£›¦±³¨ž£ŸŸ£³Ÿ¨¥´Ÿš°Ÿ´´²ž¤¥¦¥ž£¬›©ž££¡£¦°šž¦šž§£›¢±ž£ª³
´Ÿ£Ÿ›²´œŸŸ«¦²³®š ž³¬¨¦ £¡£££›©Ÿ²´®¦´ª´£ªžª£š £¢ªª°«ª²¢žŸ£³Ÿªšž
ž¦šž§£›¢±ž£ª³©£›´Ÿ¬›Ÿ±©ž³¦±³¨ž£ŸŸ£³£®¦
Ÿª´ž²®ž££¦¬§£ ¥²¨ž£ª³©£›¡´¨ž´š´²´Ÿ®¦³¨¦´£²°Ÿªž´Ÿ›²´ž
´Ÿ£¨³œžŸ£¥²›£³Ÿªšž°ž¤¦£¦š¦²³š´š¦š¦Ÿ²«£±¦²³š´š²«£±¦
£²°Ÿªž¦šŸœ›žªŸ¨šž¤²¬³ŸŸ£´ž¨³ªžŸ¦£šŸ´Ÿ¨³Ÿœ¨žŸ
©£šž¦š¦¢›´ž¦­šŸ³Ÿž££¦³š¥£³Ÿªšž°ž´šœ£°¨Ÿ£°¨§ £žŸ›ž
³£ž¦¥´£´³´
´šŸ¨°¬¦šŸž³¥£³Ÿªš¦´¬›Ÿ±§ £žŸ›¦Ÿœ£ª›´£›²¬¨ž´Ÿ›²´žŸ¦£šŸ
žª£š´Ÿ¡®¦Ÿ´¦¢›¨ž±£¡²¨š£ž£¢ªª°«ª²¢ž ¥²¨ž´šŸ£ ¥²¨ž§Ÿ±¨ž
§ž³¬¨ž›³¡¨¡´®¨žšŸž£¢«£ª¨Ÿžž£³Ÿªšž°ž³›Ÿœ¨£Ÿ¢£›Ÿ¦´ª´Ÿª
©£›§££²Ÿ›£°§££›£¢±££›Ÿš§ž©¥¦Ÿ§££¢¨´¨¼²³®šž´£¨›Ÿ§££ªŸ£«ª
›³¡ª £¢ªª°«ª²¢ž ²¡šž ´Ÿ£³£šž° Ÿ¦£šŸ ¦¥¦ §£³£œªŸ §££³£š
©£š³ ´£›£¢±££›Ÿ«ž££žªŸšž³Ÿ¡´¦³¥²´Ÿ£ž¦¥¦šŸžŸ¨¬¨Ÿ £›£¢±££›Ÿ«¦
¦Ÿ£œŸ¡Ÿ®£¢¦³´Ÿ²³®šž¦©£š©¥¦Ÿ²Ÿ«¨ž²¥ž©®ŸšŸš¬¨ž¦
´Ÿ›²´ž³4´Ÿ£Ÿ›²´ž£´³Ÿ²®«›(C. P. Snow)ŸšŸª«®«²Ÿ¦›´¥²›¥
Ÿ  ´Ÿª£Ÿ¬ ©¥¦¬²´£ŸŸ  ´šŸ  ´Ÿª£›¨©ª£š³ ´Ÿ£Ÿ›²´´´£´³¦ž±¦¡´ª´£›²¬¨ž
´£´Ÿª¨š´£¦šŸ¢±¦¢ª£šž´Ÿ›²´žŸ ¡š°¨´£œŸ¦Ÿª¥¢´£¬¨ž´Ÿ›²´ž Ÿ  ´š
´£´Ÿ²›¡Ÿž°Ÿ²¨ ´£¨£¢®Ÿš¦¦¥¤²›š£ž´£œŸ¦Ÿª¥¢´£¬¨ž´Ÿ›²´ž £ª³°¨
£›°¨›Ÿ£¡£›´ ¥Ÿ²¨ ´Ÿ²Ÿ¡³´šŸ² ´ªªŸ¦´¨ ³®ª´²¨¼ ž£ª³ž´Ÿ›²´žŸ¦£šŸ
£®Ÿš´Ÿ°Ÿ›±£´³§¬±«¬Ÿª¦³£Ÿ¦£š¥²›žžš²ª´š œ£°¨šŸž³£®¥Ÿ³®ª
š£ž ´£´Ÿ²®«´£¦šŸ¢±¦¢ª£šž Ÿ¦£šŸ ´£›Ÿ£¡žŸ žš£²›ž š£ž ´£¬¨ž ©ž¨³
ž¨¦¬Ÿ££¨´¬²®Ÿ¨ž´£´££¬›ž
§š¦¥›³§£›¢±ž£ª³¦³´Ÿœ£°ª´Ÿ°Ÿ›±ž£´³›´Ÿš²¦ž£ž£©Ÿ¥ª²´Ÿ£¦›š
›¢Ÿ±žŸ¦£šŸž°Ÿ²¨¼´ªœ²Ÿš¨ž´£³Ÿªšž´¬ž££¦¬žª›ªž£¬¨ž›¢Ÿ±ž
´ªœ²Ÿš¨´¬š¦¦Ÿ›¦šŸž¼Ÿ¦²›¬¨¦š§œŸ§šž³®ª¤Ÿ´¦šž¨£ª®§œ¢£›¨ž
£œ²¢²Ÿš›§šž¦³Ÿ›°¨œ°Ÿ¨¦³¨¦´£¢«£¦š£°ª¢«£«¥šž´Ÿ²®«›5ž¥Ÿ›šŸžŸ
´£ª²Ÿ¨¢«Ÿ®ž´Ÿ²®«ž ©›šžŸž¨£šž ²Ÿ¥£ªž§žŸ¨Ÿ£±¦³Ÿ«£ž£¡ªŸ¨²³š¥
¦¬´²¬²¬¨±²š£žŸ§šž¦³Ÿ›°¨§¬´¦¦Ÿ¥ž´ŸŸ¨´žž©¨ž®££¬´£¡¥Ÿªž
¦¥ž´¦¢›¨Ÿ¦¥ž´¢¢°¨¦¥›´±¡³¨¦¥ž
²›³¨¦³ž£¨Ÿ¢ªš

§šž´šžœ£°ž³Ÿª¦³´£›²¬¨´Ÿ›²´ž´Ÿšš²Ÿª«¥Ÿ²®©š¥³££²žŸ
 §££ª£›ž£¨£´±«®ž›  ž¨Ÿ±ž©ŸŸ£ š¨ž¡¦°ž›Ÿ£›±¬Ÿ±›ž¨±´ž³Ÿ ž ¥²¨›
§šž¦³´Ÿž ¦¥²¬ž¦¬«¨ž§Ÿ´§¬ž¬£œž³´š š£ž¼
C.P. Snow, The Two Cultures, Cambridge University Press, 1964.4
šŸžŸž¥¡¨šŸžŸž¥Ÿž¥©£›Ÿ›¦šŸž¦›šŸ›¦§šž´Ÿ£ž›Ÿ¢š¦Ÿ›¦¤ ©´ª5
ž¥Ÿ›£ªšŸ¦Ÿ¥££ª£šŸŸ´Ÿš²¦ž°Ÿ²£ªš¤´¦£ž´š£žŸ£¡£¨¬žŸž£Ÿ›¦

5

©®Ÿš¼ ž³¬¨¦Ÿ ›¥²Ÿ¨£¨£¥£«£®žª›¨²³š¨²´Ÿ£§šž©£š¼ ¬¨žžª£¡›¨
ž££ª³ž´Ÿ›²´ž´Ÿ²Ÿ²›š¦©££¬Ÿ´Ÿ›£°£´Ÿ›£«³£¢œ²ªšŸ¨²´¦±³¨£ŸŸ£³¦³
´Ÿœžž ££¦¬ ´œ°Ÿ£¨ ž´£ž³ ž£¨› ¼ ´£´Ÿ²®«´£¦šŸ¢±¦¢ª£šž
Ÿ¦£šŸ´£¢Ÿ£«Ÿ´£²Ÿ«›šž££Ÿž§šž´£ŸŸž›ž´š²¼´£¢«£¦š£°ª¢«£«¥šž
©£š§šž¦¬²œŸ¨Ÿž³¨²¨Ÿ¦´Ÿ²³®š›¦¦¥›²®Ÿ¥£¡¥Ÿªž§ £ª²Ÿ¨¢«Ÿ®ž
´Ÿ£Ÿª´³ž¦³£®Ÿ«ª£š±¡³¨š¦š§šž
§œ§£¨³Ÿª³²£Ÿšžš£ž§£¨³ŸªŸªš³²£Ÿšžš£ž¬²¦Ÿ›Ÿ¢¦´£›²¬¨ž´Ÿ›²´ž
£œ³Ÿ¨´š´±®«¨š£ž´²Ÿ³±´žš£žž£œŸ¦Ÿª¥¢žš£ž¬¨žš£ž§££´
ž¨¡ªžŸ¼§š¦´£´£¨š´¦¡Ÿ´¦¥²«Ÿ¡¦šž¬£œ¨š£žžªžŸ§££«£«›žŸ«£ž
©Ÿ£ª±ž¦³ž¦£®³¨žž£Ÿžžž¬Ÿ²®žž¥£²°žŸ±Ÿ³ž´¨Ÿž¨š£ž´¬°Ÿ¨žž£¡£ž
²¬®žŸž£œŸ¦Ÿ±šž´££¬›Ÿ£ª£¬²œž³Ÿ¨£¡ž´£¬›´šŸª²¥ žš¦©££¬Ÿ£¨¦Ÿ¬ž
§¦Ÿ¬¦Ÿª¦³´š ž´Ÿ›²´žžš£›ž³´Ÿ£¬›¼´£›£²«¡Ÿ§£²²š£¦£¨©£›£¦¥¦¥ž
¤¥¦¥´£³Ÿªš´Ÿ›²´Ÿ¬ž´£žš¦§¦Ÿ¬¨ž£²Ÿ¢«£ž›£¨¬®¡²›³¨Ÿž
ž›²ž¤¥¦¥ž¦£¬®ž³´Ÿ¡´®´ž´¥Ÿ²š´£›±¬ž±£²›¨ž²£šž¡£¦°¨ž®£±¨
›£›«´ ¥Ÿ²¨ž¥š£ž³´Ÿ›²´ ´Ÿª›²±Ÿ§£°¨š¨ž›²žž¥ž³²Ÿ´ŸªŸ²³¥Ÿ´Ÿ¡Ÿ¥
¦¦¥›§Ÿ£±ž©¨ŸŸª¨¨´³šŸ£¨¤¥¦¥´š §¬¡£›Ÿ¼§š¦
©Ÿ²¥³££¦¬£¨¦Ÿ¬ž©Ÿ£ª±ž´¨Ÿž¨££¦¬©£¬ž©¨²´«Ÿ¨©›Ÿ¨¥ž ¦¥
©›Ÿ¨¥ ´Ÿ¨¡ª§ª£šž¦š¦›š ´²²¡«¨ž´£œŸ¦Ÿª¥¢ž´Ÿ¨±´žž££¦¬ ´Ÿ¦£¬®ž
´Ÿ³¡´Ÿ£¬›š¦š
š°Ÿ¨£¥²§£³®¡¨§žŸ´Ÿš°Ÿ´ž§¬§£¨£¦³¨§ª£š§šž£ª›£›Ÿ¢³š¦®©£š

›²¬¨¦±®«¨±Ÿ¡²ž¡² ¨ž ±Ÿ¡²ž¡² ¨ž¦š§£ªŸ®ž  ›°¨›²³š ž¦š¥³£
°ž´³œž¼¦£¬®ž£ªŸ°£¡ž£´Ÿ¨¥ž£²Ÿ›£°ž°ž´³œž§Ÿ±¨›ž ´£¢ªš
´Ÿ£° £¦£Ÿ£°ž£´³´š›£¥²ž¦²³®š§šž¦›š©ªŸ›´¨ž¦£›«ž£¨£ª®ž£³®ªž
"§£¡Ÿš¨§££³Ÿªš§££¡¦¼§£¥Ÿ®ž¤¥¦¥§£ªŸŸ£¥›¡Ÿ¥›´Ÿ¥³Ÿ¨ž
²³œ¦´¡´¨³²°Ÿšž

©¥³ ´£š¥Ÿ´£š²¡š ´£ªŸ£œžž£°®Ÿš¥´Ÿž£ž¦šž£ª®ž£¦´£š²ªŸª¦³›°¨›
§œž²±¨›£žŸ © Ÿš¨©®Ÿš›³®ªž£ ¥²¨£ª³´šž›£¥²¨ž´£³š²¨´Ÿž£ž
£¦¦¥£³ŸªšžšŸžž›©££ª¬ž²±£¬¦›šŸª¦³´Ÿ›²´ž
Ÿ´Ÿš¦´£³¡Ÿ¨žž¨œŸž´šŸª£ª®¦šŸ°¨¦§£¦Ÿ¥£Ÿªš©£š±®«²£«ž©¬¨¦
¤ª´ž£²Ÿ®£«› ´£³š²›£±²®›¼ ¦š££š¥ ž¨œ¨¥ ž²¢¨¥±²©Ÿ´ª©Ÿ £šž ©Ÿ £š
§££¡š¦Ÿ§£²Ÿž¢§££´§££¡š¦§£³œŸ®Ÿªš©£š§¦Ÿ¥› ¦ ¡›Ÿ žª³¨›
©Ÿ £šŸœŸ £¨¼š¦š§£±´Ÿª¨§££°²š§££ª£¨
©Ÿ £šž©¨²Ÿ¨¡©®Ÿš›Ÿ¢ª¼ ´Ÿ¦œž££¡ ©¨ ›Ÿª£¦š§£›Ÿ²±ž§££¡žš±ŸŸ¦›š
›°¨š£žŸ´Ÿ¦œš£ž´Ÿ¦œ©›Ÿ¨¥§£²Ÿž¢§££´§££¡¦³¦š££šŸ›£°ž³¤¥›
²£ ¡ž¦ž¦¥£´Ÿ£´ž´Ÿš¦´£ªŸ£°žž£°±š£²žš±ŸŸ ²œ«Ÿ¨²¨š¨›Ÿ ©£±´£´¦›
ž®ž´ŸªŸ£°ž Ÿª£¥  𦦛𠳮ª›³£³Ÿªš£°²šž±¦¡ž²Ÿ ¡³££¦¬ ©Ÿ £šž´š
§££¨³œ§¦Ÿ¥³§££¡›žªœ¬Ÿ´Ÿ¦œž££¡¦ž¥Ÿ®žž´Ÿ£ªŸ°£±¦ž¨°¬´š

6

§¦Ÿ¥³Ÿ³Ÿ²£®©£š¼"£¢ªª°«ª²¢¦£³Ÿªšž±¦¡ž©£›©Ÿ £š¦³Ÿ³Ÿ²£®ž¨
ž¦š§ª³££¨´ ©Ÿ £š¦³œŸ«Ÿ´Ÿš§£¦®¥³¨§¦Ÿ¥³ ±Ÿ£›©®ŸšŸ´Ÿš›§£ª Ÿš¨
§£²¡š ž³¬¨ž££¡¦ ´Ÿ£ª£¨¦ §£¬¨¦¼ £³Ÿªšž°¦š£ž´£³£šž§´££¢ª³ž¦š
§œ§£¦Ÿ¥£¤¥¤Ÿ´¨£¢ªª°«ª²¢ž°ž¦šžªŸ®§´¨³ª³²Ÿ³§´££¢ª¼
ž¦š£ª³©£š¦›š£´£ª¡Ÿ² ¥²¨Ÿ£³Ÿªš£ª£¨ ¥²¨¼›Ÿ¥£ ¥²¨´ŸŸž´ž¦
§££´Ÿ §££ªŸ¦£¡ ©£š ž ¦ž  §£±± ªŸž  ´šž  §£›¥¨š¦š ž ›ž  §£¨¡Ÿ¦
§££´§¦Ÿ¥Ÿ§££ªŸ¦£¡§¦Ÿ¥
©££ª›¦§£šª´§œ§ž³§¦Ÿ¥§¨°¬¦¬§£¦›±¨³§£šª´¦³§Ÿ¨£ª£¨³£³©›Ÿ¨¥
§ž¼ ¢®³¨Ÿ±° §£œ¡Ÿ´›³ £³Ÿªšž¦Ÿ¦¥³¦§£šª´§œŸ £¢ªª°«ª²¢ž§¬²³±ž
±°žŸ ´£³Ÿªšž´Ÿª£±´¦š±ŸŸ§£šª´§ž§£œ¡žŸ´›³ž ž¦š¥§£šª´¦´Ÿš¨œŸ
žª£¥³ž´š²³ž¦¼¢®³¨žŸ

š³Ÿª¦¥´Ÿ¡Ÿž´Ÿ£¡¥Ÿªž§££ª š¦£¨´Ÿ¡®£´›´¥Ÿ£¨ž›²ž£´›´¥
§££ª š´Ÿ¡´®ªŸ´Ÿ¥¦Ÿž³¬Ÿ££ªš¦›š£¨²´Ÿ£ž›²ž£´›´¥¼£Ÿž£¥²œŸ¨ž
´£ª³Ÿ¡Ÿ²ž´Ÿ«œ¨´Ÿ¨¦¬´žž©¨ Ÿ›ž©¨´Ÿ¦Ÿ«¦¥´£³š²³§££ª š²¡šœŸ«¨
ž³¬¨¦Ÿ £¨´Ÿ¡®©›Ÿ¨¥£´›´¥ž¦š¦ ´£´£¨šž›³±ž¼ ©£±®´´š´Ÿ³®¡¨¼
Ÿª£ª®¦Ÿ¬²Ÿ²£›ž²±£¬²›£´›´¥š¦©££¬


7

⬇ הורדת הקובץ (PDF)