RFLFO ODC ED[N KZS LOJC D[ PLJWK GOQ HC GUD[CQ ]HJW CHG FHDO PCG ROGOF PLQNJH
PLJWK GOQ ]HJW COC FHDO RLC
L[LCQ LWU LOJC D[N GUD[C COH PLJWK GO LHDQ [HUL KZS PDQ[G ZTW RDHQ GIDH
GN[C LC ]UDH[Q ON GUD[C TWD COC G[HZH LJOD ][]LS GSLC [YJ CLG HILCH DU
PL]D RLC LHDQG LHDQGQ [YJG ZHOJ GIDH CLET G[HZH LJOD LHDQH LHDQ GLO GHG GDJ[ OU []L
RLC GDJ[ OU []L GN[C [YJG ODC GUD[C TWD COC G[HZH LJOD []LS HSLC HNH]O PLJH]W ]H[YJH
G[HZH LJOD ][]LS RLSU ONDH GI LCS] GD
GJH]W ]JC [YJN [DHFQ [WCH " [YJ OONQ HCLYHQ LQ ]H[YJH PL]D HD RLC LHDQ GHQ]O LH
DH[Z LHDQG PHQ H[W TH]GH R[ LWU GUD[C TW ML[YH [YJ ][H]Q CYL MN PHQH HNH]O
PCG [G[O GNHQTG [YJD PGL[DFO UYH@ HO PLJH]W ]H[YJH PL]D ML[Y MNO [YJQ []HL PLD[G ]H[O
>[YJO [YJ RLD PLQNJ HZOLJ CO CQ HC MHOLGO COH ]LDG LHQLO GLHU PEG GO L LHDQ ][H]
HOLCH HDJ[ OU []L HN[C ON G[HZH LJOD []LS MNLWO UDZ LLQ]H PL[HLF GD L LSWQ [YJG [LW CDKL[G C
RLC LHDQ GC[S ILWOH PLD[ HL[HLF IC HO PLJH]W ]H[YJH PL]DD COC []LS HSLC PLLQ]H PL[HLF GD[G HD RLC LHDQD
PE GC[SH [YJ ][H]Q CYL CHG GIDH G[HZH LJOD []LS HSLC PLUHDZ PLHQLH PL[HLF HD RLCH OLCHG PL]D COH [YJ CO HD
]JC [YJ HO LD FLQUG MNO GIN LHDQ LHYQ RLC LWO COC [DFO GFHL R[G
PLC[ PLD[G L[G HO MH]DN PLUHSY PLLQ] HD GHU PFC RLCH OLCHG LK[W JK HSLC ODC ]LD HD L LHDQ PE LOHCH
DYH G[HZH LJOD []LS COH [YJN HSLC PO TSNLGO
PL[HLF P RLCN LN HO PLJH]W ]H[YJH PL]D PC COC G[HZH LJOD []LS LHDQ RLC PUKG [LW E[ GJ CD[G ]HD D
[]HL GN[C [YJ UHFQ ILWO [CDO ML[YH [YJN []HL ]H[HQE ]HYLJQ ML[Y MNLWO PLUHSY PLLQ] []HL P PLHU PLD[
CHG ]H[YJH PL]D ML[YGO HD H[LQJG GQ ON COG GSQQ U[E ]H[YJH PL]D HO RLC LHDQ HOLCH G[HZH LJOD ][]LS GDJ[ OU
PLHU HD [LQJGO PLQUK LS RCN PLW[KYQH [G[O H]D[Z PHQ [YJQ []HL LHDQD H[LQJG OYH [YJO GQHF LSWQ
[YJG FDC[G ]UFO PLNTQ RCN HLHFLJD H]KLO MOHG CD[G GC[S []HL MC [G[O DH[Z PEH PLUHSY PLHQL HD
GUD[C TWD COC ][]LS GSLCH LHDQGQ G[HQJ POHUO
LSHZL] [C GO L PC COC G[HZH LJOD ][]LS GSLC GDJ[ OU []L GN[C [YJG PE PL[DHT LH
L[LCQH R]SHGL HSD[ LWU G[HZH LJOD ][]LS GSLC ]H[JC ]H[YJH PL]D GO PLJH]W RLC ONH LHDQ
EL VF
]CSZH GCSLZ PHQ P]QNJ OU GQNJ HWLTHL PLFLQO]G GD FFJO COC CDLZU LD[ G[QC CO
PLFLQO]G FFJO [JC H[LW P]HQN GNOG ZHTWL PL[DF PG H[QCL MN MH]Q GQNJ GD[] PL[WHT
DL[G L[DF MH]Q GC[S LSG H[LWNH FHUH CDKL[GH TH]G HKZS RHC[G H[LWN L[LCQ LWU CLHZ GO HCYQL PC
GU LTHT
C]HZWS RN]] PEG@ FLQO] H]HCN GNOG H[QCD GOZ] J RLC DH GI [DF OCUQL LD[ [QC CO GOLJ] [QC [JCQH
PLFHQ LCQ ]LD PCH PLTW LS ML[YGO [IULOC LD[N PLZTHW HSC [YJD L[G ]HQC FQ ]HJW GJ]W [YJ RLSUO [DFD
PLSHC[ LWU ]CI [QHO J CO MNLWO >[IULOC LD[O RLFG CHG [WC ]HQC FQ ]HJW LHDQD
LHC[NH GNOGN HSLLG > PLC[S HC@ GNOG ]HUQQH FLQO]G O HQUK JDO Z[ G]LG H]SHHN LN ]QC HSLC [DF RCN RLCH
KL
OCUQL LD[ G[QC CO [DF O H]LQCO LWUC C[DTG FYQ PLJHNS HL[DF LN [DLF
]UF VTHL
CDKL[G HOHN POHUG ON ]C DL[JQ ]CYQS ]JC ]HC []LLQ HC ]JC ]HC [TJQ G]C CQ
GLC[ RCNQ RLC TH]H L[WO POHCH OHTW []L HC ]HC [TJ G[H] [WT GLC[N GI [QCQ [LNIG DQZ ]HD
N GKHT L[LCQ UH
RHLOED DH]NOH RLSQLT ]HUO GLG HN[FF HSUFL LSWQ [LCQ LD[O RN [LGIG P ]HLJ Y[GQ RHO HIH
]HS]N ]J]H ]HQ DHK FCQ DHK DH]N Q[ O H[WTD ]LC[D ][W [FQD HSLYQ HQN ]H[F
GSHQ GLG Q[ O H[WTF [QHO TJH GOLOJF GI OU PL[WQG H[[HU]G [DNH VOCD [HC DH]N [HU
OU PLSQLT RHLOEG OU HFYD D]HN GLG D]ND G[H]D HFHQO ]UD Q[ LN ]QCG POHC HSO PL[WTQ
[NHIG JND HOYC [QS GLGL RUQOH GI RLSUD HLSLUD RL]HCS [C ]H[FG [HNIL RUQO ]HL]HC GILC
LD[ H[LGIG [C GSHHNG GIH PLSQLTG ]LLU PGO []HGH WUD PL[DFO GDL]NG IC [HTC GLG LN
LN HDJLH PLFLQO]G HUKL CQ [WTG RHLOED PLIQ[G DH]NO RN ]HUO OLE[L CO RCN OCUQL
HON POHUG ]C HDL[JLH [WTG VHEO RHZ] CHG RHLOEG OU D]NSG
QU PLGLEQH ]HGEG L[DUG [WTG ]HFOH]D PLFHQU [WTD GI RLSUD UU
OHNL D]N GJQH D]NH G[QC G[H] G[QC COGH "HLFG MH]O PH]SZSZ RLOLKQ LNH LO [QC
GH G[IE D GKHTQ [WTG RLF FQO PHQ PC [WTG ON OU FLWZG PL[WQ R[GH TH]G ]HJQO
RSD[FQ [TC HC
GI LWO G[H] [WTD GKHT ][W OU Z[ G]LG OCUQL LD[ O H]FLWZ [W N GKHTD L[ POHCH
HD[ L[DF ODLZ [JCO H[QCS GKHT ][WQ XHJ HLFG MH]O PH]SZSZ RLOLKQ ONO MHQTD [LCQ LD[ L[DF
LSLFQ RLF GI RLC D]N FHUH PH]SZSZD GKHT ][W HD HD]N PC OTWS [WTG RLC ]QC ]WD D]NH
RCN [QCS CO [WO FFY LQ LH GKHTO ZHJQO ONHS LFN PH]SZSZD RLD]HN RLC COC [WTG
U ZJQLGO OHNL D]ND GKHT ][W DH]NL G[H]G RQ GO ZHJQO ONHL XWJ PC [QHON COC DHLJ
GQ LN ]T ]HFZ PHQ GI RLF RLC CDKL[G LHFLJD [DN [CHDQ [DFG [ZLUH GKHT PL[HCDH PLHFJ
GIG RQID D]N MNOH [WTGQ GKHTO ZHJQO ONHS LFN COC [WTG [CQ GKHT ][W G]S]S
]T ]DL]NO PH]SZSZ ]OKG OU FLWZGO RLC GKHT ]OLEQ RLC
GKHT ][W C]L[HCF RLF CHG UQQ HS]LEHTD PGL[DFQ PEH [QC GF N GKHTD TH]GQ PSQC
ZJQGO GLHC[ RWHCD GDH]N CG] G[H][WTD
MOLCH QU ZFY [DHF [WTD CLEHTG ]HOONDH FHTGH IQ[G FU [LCQ LD[O PH]SZSZ ]OKG RLSU [HCD U
C [ Q E C[DT [DT CDLZU LD[F GLQZO C]C [FGH C[QE [QEH OCUQL LD[F GLQZO C]C
PLCS]G RHODH@ GLQUKH GSQG [QHON HSO C[QEG CLG C [ D T H GSQG CLG PLC[HQCG RHOD
[HIJQ N GKHTD L[ LWU >FHQO]O HK RD GSQO [U RD HSLS HQN FHQO] H GSQ PG HOC LS
DHLNH HSLSWO ULWHQG FHQO]D PHZQD C[QED P T[E GC[SNH O RLHFZ JN HN GOLEQ EL ]D L[UH QU L[KLH
OZ DD CDKL[UH DUT I GFS FQ RLOHJ CUD PH EO QD VL[G RHOD U OZ DD PD[D
L[U GSQG L[DFO PUK PLS]HSH MND PLZTHUH FJLD PLWTC]Q HLG C[QEG HGI QND L[W PLQNJ LFLQO] HQL RNH
FHUH IQ ]HN[D CU[ DN GKHT
FHQO] T[KSHZ DJ [ CL[EO [THQ ]HJL KZO RH[JC T[KSHZDH D Z[W G[H] FHQO] ]HNOG I[EG UH GI RLSUD UU
MOLCH DL QU G[H]
N
EL VF RLDH[LU
RLF PHQ COC HSLC RHFLSG UQQ LCS] LSG LN LCS] LSGH HGLLSLD CNLC G[H]G RQ GO ZHJQO
RHLN [QHO ML[YH GKHTO ZJHQH G[H] [WTQ JZHO GQD HJO RLC GHFZQ GF[HG PHQ ODC GQO
]QC LWU [WT ]HFZ PHQ HJO RLC RLF H]HCD OONS GI PE PLQG OU LQ GJQL G[H] G[QC
]NTQD ]H[UG UUH PLQHJ ]HFZ GD L POHUO GKHT ]OLEQ PE CQ DHJD FFY FHUH N GKHT PL[HCDH PLHFJH DZULO
GKHT
R[G CLG GZLJQ GFLF GLLU GQO GLLU RSLUD DL]N GO GUH CNG C]G LNG DU
CLG GZLJQG COC GKHTG PO ]HUGO GNL[Y GOLEQG ]DL]N PE > TH]G ]LHZ DHLD@ [LW
HC LJC D[O ][JC GKHT PO GD]NS [CN HI GC PO GDL]NG ]C Z]SO GJND G]LLU [ZLU
ONG L[DFO FQO]GO HC ][JC PO D]NS KE NCQ PLZOHJG PLQNJ ]UFO G[H] [WT PO
PLLJ ][H] CDKL[H CD[ UUH GDL]NG Z]SL [DF RLC LSWQ OHTW
HUDZ CO GQ LSWQH H]HQN [LCQ LD[ O H[HFD RLC POHUG GLGH [QC LQ LSWO UHFLH LHOE
LNCOQ FL LWU PHZQ OND H]HQN GNOG HUDZ CO COC H]HQN GNOG RLC HUDZ CO H]HQN GNOG
LD[ LTHL LD[N GNOG LTHL LD[ PU ZOJSN RNH GFHGL LD[N GNOG GFHGL LD[ PU ZOJSNH WZ]
RHUQ LD[N GNOG H[QC CE ]HQH[] LQOH[LDH HQ ROGO ZWT RHUQ LD[H [LCQ
[QHC LQ LH PLD[ PU ZOJSN HOLWC PL[QHC L@ HL]H[IED [LCQ LD[N GNOG IS ]HDH]N H[QC FHUH
>FHUH C KW ROGO C[U FLJL PU CZHF
FHQUO HL[LDJ HONL CO H]HQN GNOG HUDZ CO GQ LSWQH H]HQN [LCQ LD[ O H[HFD RLC
]ULFL COD GC[HG ]DJS RLC LN PLSW HO GC[QH [HGK CQK OU [QHC CHG H]UF VHT OU
PLQNJO PUK COD [LCQ LD[ O H]SZTQ G[CS H]UF VHTO F[LO PLQNJG HONL COH OLCHGH GLQUK
GS]LS G[H]G MC PUKG RLDG PGQ OHFEG [LCQ LD[ LW OU VCH GNOG ZTWN HL[DF HODZ]S CO MNO
JO FJ FHL GQ ]H[EC LWU PLFLJL LWO COH G[H]G LQNJ DH[ ]SDG LWO
GNOG PL[QHC HOOGH HSL]HQN GNOG PL[QHC HOOG OOG ]LDH LCQ ]LD HZOJS PLS O
GNOG PCG G]LG P]ZHOJQ OOG ]LDN GNOGH RG JCF HOCH HOC G[QCH OHZ ]D GCYL HSL]HQN
GQNJQ VLFU RLSQ [DFG U[NHG OOG ]LDN GNOG GZTWS RHLNH PLKUHQG PLFFHJQN HC PLDH[QN
G[UGD O OC[L [HC LWU []GH [HTLC ]EGSG DQ[ FHL MD CDHQG LWNH
JLNHGO RLC MN PHQH [JC PUKQ COC PLLHDL[ LSWQ OOG ]LDN GNOG UDZS CO PL[WQ LH
LN PLQNJG ]HE[FQ LWO LHO] COC FLJC OON GI RLC GC[S OONDH PLFFHJQG OU PLWLFU PLDH[QG
PLHFJ LWU UYH D[G PHZQD FLQO] RLUNH PFES DH[N GNOG UHDZO RLC FCQ PLWL[JD [D]TQ
PL[HCDH
LHSL ]QJQ G]LG P]ZHOJQ ]DLT LN ]JC GUFO PLQLNTQ G[HDJH G[HDJ LSD ON FYLN GQ]] OCH
OU PNJG ]U[NG LWN ]UDZS GNOGG NLWUCH HONQ PL[WGO PFCG FLD RLC [C PWS ]HJN EIQ
O OC[L [HC LWU GH FUYQD HFUYL G[HDJG LSD O PWS ]HJN DH[ LW OUH HONH HEIQ LW
JS] LHO ]HFZ RHNQ ][HFGQ LHO ]HFZ LKHZLO U OOG ]LDH LCQ ]LD O GNOGD ]HLE LOFDGH ]HFLQ LZHOLJ OU FHU
CN
RHLT [NL LSD UUH QU PL[QCQ LKHZO QU RLDG ]SZ] QU ZFY [DHF RGNG ZHFY [ L[WT KU] QU DJ
HO[] J[Z ]QC ]W EL CLS]G OUDO FHZG ][EC CH
]UF VTHL
PLLJ PLZOC L[DF HOCH HOC
LN HY[]H "[L]Q GIH [THC GIH PLLJ PLZOC L[DF PGLS HGL [WC MLCG OI ]W[Y LSD[ HOC
[]LGO PLSW KQH [HTLCO PLSW KQ [DFH [DF ON OU HO HC[G G[H] ODZO PH[QO GQ GOUN
RHNSH P]HQN GU[NG GLGLH [HFH [HF OND OC[L LQNJO [HTQ GI CGL [QCH GI OU GDZGO OCH
MHQTD UH CDKL[G RHO [DFD FHT PUK L ]QCG M[FDH [FG LWO CHG
LQ OU KHW GI PUKQH PLLJ PLZOC L[DF PG LCQ ]LD ]UF PE QQ OOG ]LDN GNOG VC L[G
]N[D M[DO ML[Y PGL[DF [CDOH LCQ ]LD L[DF Z[ FHQOL GOW]G FU RQIGD UFHLH [ZDD PZ
]QC ][H]H QQ G[H] L[DF RN PE PG PHQ G[H]G
VCH PLSHCEG L[DF VCH LQOH[LH LODD PLFHQO]G LSDH ]H]LL[DH LS]QD ]HZHOJQG OND CHG RNH
PLDLLHJQ K LTD UH GN FJ JHC GQ ]H[EC MH]Q GQO PLFQHOF GZIJD GI MLL HSSQIDF PLOHFED
GNOGO HODZ]S CO PEG PNJG L[DF FHQOO
JZLH ZHTW RDHL GIDH GF CYLH PLSLU [HCQ IL PLHFZ VTHL DZUL ]HFOH] [WT LFCOQ I[EO CLS]G [WT ]QFZGD UU
GDZS [QCLH GF CYLH PLQO [HC KUDG PD PLTW ]SH]N [WT C[ PZLH GF ]HQ
HOC ]HFLQ RLSU GQ HLG RLDHOUH RLJHS LSWQ R]HQN GNOG UHDZO OOG ]LD HNI GQ LSWQ
RNHQ LQ JHYLSG ]DGC ONQH GHCE ONQ KW]Q LQ Z[ OI EC[WQ O[GQ [LW GNOG ]ULDZO
LOD G]HZQU OC RLHNOH ]QCG OC [HFJO OEHTQG CHG H]UF OU []HHOH ]QCG OU ]HFHGO UE[ OND
OC HUOZ GJNHG CLG OOG ]LD O P]HS]HHSU HD TSNLGO GSHLOU ]QCO JH]W GI O HDO ]HLKS
N] QU OYI MDY[Q L[EGO GSHL GOU U P]LC G]LG ]QCG G[KQG
HKLOJL P[KD P]OHI ]UF DKLG HUQ MN OU G[HQ PGL[DFO LCQ ]LD L[DF HQLFZGH HS GI PE
CN XLDOCHQ J[EGO [THQ ]HJL LWU P]HQN GNOG MNO ]ZZHIQH GWHSQ P]UF MN MH]QH PQYU ]UF
>EO H PL[QCQ UH@ DO]
OOG U[IQ GLG HFZG HSLD[ MOG GI M[F OU RGL[DFO D L[DF RLQLFZQ COC FHU COH
CDKL[ OOG ]LD L[DFO LCQ ]LD L[DF PHZQ OND PLFZG
LN HL[JC ][IJQ GOHFE GOHFEG RQ J[HDG ONH HSQQ ]J[HD GOHFE GOHFEG OU [IJQG ON
RHLOUG H[Q HZ]SO CD CHG L[G HQYUO HSOKLO LFN HL[JC [IJQ PFCNH LZOC RLSU CHG FHDNG
FYQ Z[ HQYU FYQ FHDN PH HO ULEQ RLC UFHLG PFC RN CO J[HD LZOC ]HLJ CHG FHDNG MNO
HFL[HQ HSLCH RHLOUG H[O FHDNG ]C CLDQ GI PFC LN HL[JC VFH[ FHDNG HD[ZD LZOCG ZOJG
DD PLKHZO OLDHS[K DO JQL
QQL GO L[QCH HLUQD WWL C[DS HLNU C[DSQ []HL C[DS CO PFCO HO JHS
G]LG H]QS PC PFCO []HL OZH JHS GLG [QHON JHS COC PFCO HO D H K H[QC CO HLUQD
CLS]G OUD LWU LQEG VHEO ]F[HL G]LG COH G][GKD ][CS
]HQOHUO ]F[O COH FHDNG CTN ]J] GOYCS HD PHZQD ]HOLYCG POHUD [CLGO GQSO GO GLG DHK
GKQ GKQ F[LO GO L HLUQD WWL GCL[DG POHUO GF[L C[DS HLNU PLSH]J]G
DN
EL VF RLDH[LU
GCL[DGH PFCG O H]DHK CLGH HSQQ GKQO RH]J] RLC GIG POHUD PLUQG RZ]OH GLUG POHUO
LWU PFCG ]LLU GI OONDH FCQ DHK GSGH G U [C ON ]C PLZOC C[LH ]LC[D GUQD DH]NN
K ]LC[D HGLOFE [HC U DHSLQCQ [ ZG[G
H]CL[D ]UD PFCG OU ]HLK[WD COH ]LC[D GUQ VHTD GCL[DG OON MH]D Z[ D]NS PFCG LWON DHK LN OU FHU
GNC ]LC[D DZULO ]QC [WTD U
OU [HZJO CHG PLUQD H W W G HLUQD QQL GO L[QCH HLUQD WWL C[DS HLNU
HLZJH G ]HHYQ LW OU PLNOHG PSLC [C HUL CO [C PLUQ PGD CYQSG HD RSHD]GOH PLUQG OON
PLDHKG PLUQD HOLWC G[LZJG CHG H Q Q G MC POHUG RQ P[UDL GOCQ CYQL [C ON LN
H[UDOH H[LTGO M[KYL U[ ZOJ GILC HC GDHK CO [C GLLSW GILC PSLSUD LG ]HC[OH [HZJO PQYU
P]SHN] RHJDO HLUQD QQL RN LHIDH OJ HC CHG ZIJH DHKG RHJDO FEDD QQQN GI L[GH
E PL[L ]OLTQ MH]Q LZSH MI [CL FU GSJDGG ]LON]D
ZHTWD GF FS[] H[]L ]QC ]W U QU RGNG Y[O PL[QCQ LKHZO ]HNQ VHT C[GQ ]HFEC LHFJ CDKL[G LHFJD UU
DJ HGLOCQ D]NQ RSJ]CH L[ LHO ]HFZ U C[DS CO HC C[DS HO JHS PC OOG ]LDH LCQ ]LD ]ZHOJQ ]HFHC FHU
[H LOU FN QU ]HFQ O QU GSHQC OCZIJL [HC IK H[F VHTH DL H[F CJ DF ]H[UL QU GJH MOLCH QU
HU[] QU DJ
PSHONH PD]NN
GL[HJCQ [LCQ [O GL]LIJF LC[DJQ CSFFJQF LCG
HWSD HWS [Z]] HDO HLOC R]HSH HD[ OC RHHN]Q PFCG ]HLGD LN GQNJG L[WTD H[QC FHU
PGLS LLJD [HDLUG FHT POYC C[ZS GIH G[L]L WS HO GLGLH HLOU [C UWGQ HLOU OHJLH
b MLSLU HLGH [QCS CHG GIH
RNH HNH JH[G RQ L]OYCH MQU P HDYL]GH HGIH ML[HQ ]C ]HC[
GE[FQO ULEQ GLG [LCQ LD[ HC HD[ OYS D[ LSW ]C GCH[ GLG PC HFZG HSLD[ OOG]G
[QC LNG PHQH ODZO GIH ULWGO GI OC GI C[ZH CHG PE RLHN]Q D[G PC RN ONH GSHLOU
G[H] FHQOO FJC PHZQO PFC MOL H[L]G RCNQH G[H] FHQOO GNHI PFC ONG RQ CO LTHL LD[
GIH G[H] FHQOO GNHI PFC ONG RQ CO HLDC ]HYQ [DHUH MOL CO HO [QHC HLDC WUC
GJHS H]UF LQO HC HD[O HC HLDH[ZO HC HLDGHC OC PFCG KLDGD LN GOW]D HQYUD PUKG
HLOU G[HQ ONG [DF GIH PH[QQ JH[ HLOU VTH]SH GQLOG GSHHNG OC HWS [[HU]]
LZ]] EJ IDF[G ]H MH]Q MWG MWGGH
PG HOCH ONG RZ]]S HOC ]SLJD O LFL OU PLZLFYO ]HD[Z]GD ]HSLJD O LH
]C ]HC[
b MLSLU HLGH DH]N HQN ZLFYG ]C GCH[N GSHC[G GSLJDG ]HSLJD GOG
]HDYU HSLLG JQHY PQHF ]HFHTLG LSQ RLNQSG ]HU[ ]HFQJ ]OKDQ GSLJDG ]CIH ML[HQ
H][H] [HCD OC[LO ZLSQ CHG P OU PC C[ZS [HFG ZLFY LN ]HU[ ]HHC]H GL]HFOH]H
HQC ]C GCH[N ]HOYUH ]HDYUD CHG ZHSL]GN HJD PLCH[ HSC GIH DOJ ]C[ZS G[H]GH
ZTHU ZHSL]GN HJD PLCH[ HSC PE H[O HSLLG HQC ]C[ZO OHFE ]HIL[ID [[HU]S CHG
EN
]UF VTHL
ON MLOQ CHG HQC ]C GCH[N NWUC GIO GOHFE GHC] HO L LWUC HO ]HK L[DFD
JF R[GHQ LKHZO MH]Q HQCO HQYU ]C MHQH HLW]N [JC HL]HHC]
LN U[ PFC LSWD ON]TGO JN GOLEQD H[TCH DOO PL[HG[GG PLTSNS GLC[G LFL OU
G]LG FJCD H[LNGF YZ CJ [GID C]LCFN PLSLDQO DOD PL[HG[G LSLQ ON RLKOHD PLS5D
v
MWLGGH PHOH TJ HD PL[HG[GG PLTSNS GLC[G LFL OUH ]HZL[HQ HLSW G[LDU ]DJQ HO
GQN RNH GL[HJCQ [LCQ [O GL]LIJF LC[DJQ CSFFJQF LCG C]LCFN PNJ FLQO] ]LC[D
FJHLQG HSNQDH H][LFD LN DT RLDH[LUDH HO G[I GFHDUD PHNU PU [HFL CO HU PLSHZ]
HWS ]HJHN PLKW]Q PFCG LSLSZDF OI DHK P OUDGQ UFHSN HL]HJHNQ ]HKW]G L HO
TLSNQ CHG PLQUG X[CF C[LHCF L]UQ HQNH DOO PL[I PL[HG[G PLTSNS RN PE PFL OU MNOH
G[ ZLFYG ]ZFY MH]Q
PLNJQ C[LHCF OC[L X[CD MHWLGGH ]HQHCG O RHFIG ]HJHN DOO
QU ZFY [DHF PE UH
GLG FHF LSW ]LLC[ OIJ H[QCH LCH[ DHKH GLDE DL]NF MOQG FHFD RJNC LNGH PLLJ ][H] [WTD CLDG RNH
HON LSLU HD ON]TQG ON U[ LSWD ON]TQGQ MHWLGG HJQLH LSHC[L MLC[L DL]N RNOH RH[NIO OLUHQ
D]QH HLOU H]CQHKQ MQS HD ON]TQGH HLOU G[H GCQHKG JH[F PHQ ]HGN
[THQ ]HJL [H LOU GFUY ]HSD WGU LJLH LHO ]HFZ DL H[F CJ DF ]H[UL J R[G ]H[FD UU
EO] D [QCQ XLDOCHQ J[EGO
GC[ FDODH HD[ CHG LQ FLQO]G O PLSWD [LNGOH ]HC[O OHNL ]HC[O PLSLU HO L LQ UF
HLSW ODZQ CHG HD[ ]QNJ ODZQ FLQO]GN CYQS HLSW [LC] PFC ]QNJ LN ]JC PUW HD[
]C ]HC[
b MLSLU HLGH DH]N HQN H]QNJ ODZQ GUD HD[ LSWD ON]TGO ML[Y GI OLDDH
OSN HD[ CHG LQ UFLO OHNL FLQO]G LSWD ON]TQN RN OUH OSN PLSWD CHG GQNJG LN ML[HQ
O[ R[GHQ LKHZO
RHFC LSC CSLD[ [QC PLQUK PLQJH GCQD X[G ]C [GKQ GLG GSDLD GLG ZL]H FLQO]
HS[GKCH
OC[L ]TSNF ]HZLDFG ]LON] CHG GID GI PL[HUQ PLDH[N IC HCYQF CQHLD H[QC RN OUH
P]HLGD PE CDD FHF RD ]CLDD [[HDL GHFZG [H ]HOE]G JQYS GIQ PLLJ PLZOCD
PHON GHFZD P[HQ HZ]LS CO [WUO FUH GKQO RLC GFL[LG ]LON]D
OUD G[H] ]QNJ ON GLG IC RD[HJG ]UD CHG GSDLD GLG FLQO] H]HC RLSU RN PE GIH
G[GQD GSDL LLOG ]LDH POHU O HSLLSDD PLZTHUG PG GSDL C[ZS GI P OUH P GW
[HC H]HC ELGO GNI PGD ZL]HG GLG FLQO] H]HCH RD[HJG GLG GI ]LON]O HSLQLD
[GKQG JLQG ]FLO CHG RD[HJG ]UD GLG PL[HUQ PLDH[NF [HQEG ]HZLDFQ MQSG
PL[UG SZG CHG PLQUK SZD X[G ][GK HGIH HSSLCH OC[L RHU ZHDL ONG MNIQH
GLU G[LYL GCL[D ]HQOHUD HO GQSJH[WS ]HQLO
[HH XQ RN PE ELG GW OUD G[H]H FHQO]G LQ]HJQH ODDD GC[HG VHT GLG CSLD[H
CLDG LSHQFZG JSF [QHO HSHY[ HN JSQ [QHJH OZ HS[GKCH RHFC LSC P [QCH GID
QTG [H CHGF UHFLN [HGK HQYU CHG POHUD GCQHKG RLSU ON GD[GH POHUO G]LQG
FN
EL VF RLDH[LU
CHG PE [CLH HLSL RLDQ HLYHZLH HLWQ HLQF [THL [YLG ]JLDID FL]UO HFZ MCOQ GLGL
GQH[] ZGHID GSHIG OQN [YHS MNOF HSHZ RHY[ GHU HLEH[KZH HL]H]TGD CHG PE LN HSLZOCO
H][LJDD CKHJG PFCN G[LJD OUD HSLC FLDU CQOUD XHZ GUQ CHGF LJF C[QEF CQ]TH
HGIH JO]SH C[DS MNO Z[ OON H][LJDD GHU RLCH G[LJD HO RLC PLSHLOUGQ CHG NCQ
QQH U[ H]HC ]LU G]C [[CDD H[QC GQ CHGH HD DZHSG PFCG LFL OU DZHS XHZ GUQ
CHG GJFSG CSLQCGHGGH C[QEF L]UFCZOTG HOLWCF UHFLH FHQO]D CSLD[ L[DF H[FTS
G[H] HSLC ]QC HSLC [DFH ]QC ][H] CHG FHQO]D [NIS CO HSLC [DFF FYQ RN PE ]QC
QU RLDG ]SZ] MH]Q G[H] L[DFD H[LNIGO RLCH
FLQO] H]HCNH ]HFJ FJO ZL]H FLQO]O [WC PHL ONDH XZ GO RLC GW OUD G[H]GF
[JH OI H[QC ]QCD L[GF TH]G ]LHZN ODG O OHWOW GI RLCH X[G [GKO UFHL GLG
CLG LN GS]] G[H]G HJH PL[HTLC [L]GO GDZG FL]UF PL[HTC [L]Q G HQZ [HQIQ DHK
[L]GO G[H]D HFLJ GILC GOE]L CY] L]CQ G[H] HFLJ EL [ZLH OIC HQN Z[ ]LJYS
OONQ HQYU GI PE HUFLH ONG H[LNL HFLJG GOE]LN ICH GIG POHUD [HTC GLG PL[DF
RLC DOHOH [WHN ]F [HZUO PL[WHT HFLJ PL[DF GQN L[GH G[H]D HFLJ HSLCH G[H]G
HFLJ RN PE LH PL[WHT L[DFQ HFLJ GIH GQHFNH GW OUD G[H] ]DL]N []LGNH ]D GJHF
GLGL HQN X[ [GKO MLC GEG GILC ELQ GLG ZL]H FLQO] H]HCH GQYU G[H] L[DFD
QU HS GOLO LTLT[ MH]Q P[HCLD PHZQ RCN RLC GD[G ]HZHQU GID LH FL]UO
PLQUK RZD X[G [GKQ GLG FLQO] H]HCQ RLDH[LUF ZWD OI H[NI RLSUG HGI L]UFOH
GLG ODC > TH]D UH@ H]CQLK G[H]G L[G ODG O ]HWL[JD ]OUH] GQ LNH PLD[ HZG
X[G OU PLQUK SZ RHFO HSO L L[G PFCG MHQTL ]HLON ]HLC[ OU CO LN ]HC[GO RHHNQG
[JCH ]QC CHG GQD ]QCG ]UFO LHC[ ODC PLLON PLQUK OU MHQTO HSCD PC [HGK CHG
]QCG CO ]QCG [JC MQS ONG GLGLH ]QCG OC ONG ]HLC[ ONH PLQUK ON MLQTGO MN
[QCL COH UFL CO [QCL ]QCG MWLG PL[HQG HON ]HLC[ ]HJFO UFL CO PCH ONG [JC
QU ZLFYO UH[I [HC MH]Q [Z L]UFL
[DFQD [W OC[L JQL E RSJ]CH ZLFY L[W UUH MOLCH QU H ZFY [DHF [WTD RLSUG OND ]HNL[CD UU
[GKO UFHL LQ COC RL[FGSTD RLDLHQ RLC OI P[QCQ OU IL RL[FGST ]UF VTHLD CDHQD UH ]ZJ LLH] E
X[G ]C
RGL[DF RLSHH HLG RLDHOUH RLJHS LSWQ OOG ]LDN GNOGH RG PLLJ PLZOC L[DF HOCH HOC
LCQ ]LD L[DFH
H[QC HQN RCNOH RCNO GLLKS GLGL CO [[HDQ [DF ]HLGO [WC LC C]LL[HCF RLHFJ OND
OUD PLZOC H[LW PLLJ PLZOC L[DF HOCH HOCH HNH RL[GKQ HOOGH RLCQKQ HOOG E GELEJD
]HLJ CHG G[H] L[DFF PLD[ RHO PLLJ RNH PLD[ RHO HGIH POHUD PLF[WSG POHN ]HJNG
PLEOWS PGH G FLD MOQ DO PLQ LEOW [QCS GI OUH PLLJ O ]HZHOJ LH GOHN GCL[DG
FLD GI PE COC RN HSLCH PNJ O H]UFD CHGF HSC PL[DHTNH [L]GOH [HTCO PLSH ]HSLLUQO
GN
]UF VTHL
]QCDF PLLJ PLZOC L[DF C[ZS MNOH FDO LZOC RHY[H XWJG LWN HDDO GKQH HLSLU [LCQ G
GCHDSN LGQ CHG ]QCDF GCHDS GOKLS CO PLQNJG RQF DL DD H[QC HQNH LG L[DF RG
PLCLDS LSH ZHOLJH GLKG HD RLCH QQ GIN HSLLG G [QC GN CHG GCHDSF ZHOLJG Z[
HSLLGH QHJD L[LW HQN DLS RHOQ CLDS LN [Z CLDS CHG FJCG GI ]C GI PLLJNQG
LC ]HOE]GDH OUHWO ]HOE]G CHG [HDFGH CLDS O HSH[ED QQ LGF [HDFGF LGF H[HDF
CHG LG O H]QNJD ZHDF CHG PNJ ODC UHFLN FJC CHSD PLNWG LS ]HLGO [WC
J[NHQ KUQN CHG COC FHU COH FJC CHSD PLNWG LS ]HLGO [WC P JHQD GDJQD
GLGL CO POHUD [DF MO RLCH G[LYL [WTQ UHFLN HNWGH [DF GCL[DG ON LG FTL GQ LWN
CYHL J[NGD PNJ GILC LFL OU POHUO CYHL G[H] L[DF HFLJ ON MNOH RN PE QQ HNHWLG
[DFH [U GILC J]HW LQ G[H] HSLLG PLQ RHFQ ]LC[ PLQ [KHW PUK GIH MWLGG RN PE IC
]ZHOJQH RHFQ ]LC[ CHG
]LD L[DFH PGL[DF RLSH HLG OOG ]LDF OOGH LCQ ]ZHOJQN PLQ PO CLG ]ZHOJQDH
ZL]H FLQO] H]HC RLSUNH MWLGG O GQLUKGH LCQ ]LD L[DF PE RLELQ HLG HSLLG LCQ
PLNWGG LS [DF H]HCD ELQ CHG LG ]QNJD H]HZDF FYQ LN PLSWG D [QHC GLG
]JL QU ZFY [DHF UUH QU HQ UU IK GOLO LTLT[ MH]Q GSHLOUG GDJQD
DT ZLFYG ]ZFY QU ][G LNCOQ
FL VF
JL[C ]HODZQ PC JL[C ODZO LFN HID COH JL[C ODZO LFN HID CO ]HQLC]QG ]H[HZ D RNH
][JC G[HZ CLDGO ML[Y RLC FJL RGL]D JWK [HUL HSLLGF FJL ]HNHQT RGN HDJ[O
RN@ GO HN[CO JL[C OYN ]HODZQ PC [QHC ED[ ][JC G[HZ CLDGO ML[Y HCO PCH
ELIL PDQ[U GYJQH JWK OU PLJWK GO GLYJ JL[CGH GO OU GO GSDOG JL[CG M[HC CHG
OHNL HIQ HI RZLJ[QN PC JWK RGD RLC HOLWC CD OZGO ][JC G[HZ CLDGO ML[Y RLC >FHUH
DN GNHT L[ LWU [N HFDN ODZO RG ]HLHC[H HN[CO PLJWK GO O JL[C RGLOU DLHGO
HI RLD JWK FU WNU HC GNHTD L[ ]UFD PLSH[JC NNH ]HLSHQLLQ ]HGEG QQ ]HNHQT HLGL PLNL[YQG L CQZ CS]O
LWU [HULO V[KYQ UYQCD [LHCG COC JWK HLGL RQYU ]H[HZG ML[Y RLC CL HI GUFOH FHUH R]SHGL [G LWU HIO
GYJQH JWK FU IQI ]HZJH[Q HOLWC D]N JH]D NNH GNIL FDC[GH DNET OGCDD UH L[ LWU R[G NNH CD[
DH[ H[LWN@ PDQ[GH > JWK T[E CO CQ HC ]JC G[HZ HLG HOLCN RQYU ]H[HZG DJH[D HSLLG H[QC JWK GC[S ILWOH@
CWD ]HNL[CD UUH PLJWK GO FU HIQ HI ]HZJH[Q HOLWC [LNQ >GL[WGN COF PL[WQG
GKHW CLG HOLCN G]HC RLCH[ GQHZU MG HSLLG RLCH[ RSL[QCF OQZ LCQ HN Z O G]LG
PLQNJ PLFHQ GQHZUD LN OLUOFN MG HSLLG HZG CO GID LQOH[LG LWU CDKL[G D]N CKLW
MNOG ]LQHQZUG ][TG GUQ [THJQ COC HSLC XHJDQ [DF PH COD HQYUQ HSHZL] RHLN G[N
KHW HZG COC PLFHQ ONG RCN HOLCH PLQNJH GFHGL LD[ HD HZOJS Z PU MG HSLLG GI RLC
ONG L[DFO [N [DFG
L][]H PLQNJO VC G[N GQHZUG HQN GOHEUG PE LN LO GQO H] CG GZQ GOHEU LDE ROGOH
LO GQO
HN